Future Simple

♦ in predictions about the future usually with the verbs think, believe, expect, etc., the expressions be sure, be afraid, etc., and the adverbs probably, perhaps, certainly, etc

I’m afraid we won’t be on time for the meeting.

♦ for on-the-spot decisions.

I’ll take this leg of lamb.

♦ for promises (usually with the verbs promise, swear, guarantee, etc.), threats, warnings, requests, hopes (usually with the verb hope) and offers.

I don’t understand this exercise. Will you help me with it? (request). Of course! I’ll explain it for you. (offer).

♦ for actions/events/situations which will definitely happen in the future and which we cannot control.

The temperature will reach 40 °C tomorrow.

The future simple and be going to are used with the following time expressions: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week/month/year, in a week/month/year, in two/three days/weeks, etc.

Future Continuous

♦ for an action which will be in progress at a stated future time.

This time next week we’ll be cruising round the islands.

♦ for an action which will definitely happen in the future as the result of a routine or arrangement.

Don’t call Julie. I’ll be seeing her later, so I’ll pass the message on.

♦ when we ask politely about someone's plans for the near future (what we want to know is if our wishes fit in with their plans.

Will you be using the photocopier for long? No. Why? I need to make some photocopies.

Future Perfect

for an action which will be finished before a stated future time.

She will have delivered all the newspapers by 8 o'clock.

With: before, by, by then, by the time, until/till.

Future Perfect Continuous

to emphasize the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future.

By the end of next month, she will have been teaching for 20 yrs.

With: by ... for.

Word Formation________________________________________

Prefixes are syllables which we add before certain words to form new words. The meaning of the new word depends on the prefix that has been used.

anti-	=	against	antisocial
bi-	=	two	biannual
co-	=	with	co-driver
ex-	=	previous, former	ex-husband
Inter-	=	between	international
mls-	=	done wrongly or badly	misbehave
mono-	=	one	monorail
multi-	=	many	multinational
non-	=	not	non-fiction
out-	=	more, better	outnumber
over-	=	(done) to a great extent	overwork
post-	=	after	postdate
pre-	=	before	prehistoric
pro-	=	in favour of	pro-government
re-	=	again	redecorate
semi-	=	half	semi-final
sub-	=	under, less	submarine
super-	=	big, more	superhuman
trans-	=	(travel) from one side, group etc to another	transcontinental
under-	=	not enough	undercooked

♦ The prefixes below are used to express opposite meanings.

de- defrost, decompose

die- dishonest, dislike

in- indirect, independent. il- (bef. I) illogical. im- (bef. m, p) immoral, impractical. Ir- (bef. r) irresponsible but: unreliable, unreasonable

non- non-smoker, non-stop un- unacceptable, unemployed

♦ Suffixes are syllables which we add to the end of certain words to form new words.

♦ Nouns referring to people

• verb + er/or/ar. teach - teacher, sail - sailor, beg - beggar

• noun/verb/adjective + ist. motor - motorist, tour - tourist, national – nationalist

• verb + ant/ent. contest - contestant, study - student

• noun + an/Ian. republic - republican, library - librarian

• verb + ее (passive meaning). train – trainee

♦ Nouns formed from verbs

-age pack - package

-al refuse - refusal

-ance accept - acceptance

-ation realize - realization

-ence differ - difference

-ion . revise - revision

-ment enjoy - enjoyment

-sion comprehend -comprehension(verbs ending in -d/-t)

-sis hypnotise - hypnosis

-tion prescribe - prescription

♦ Nouns formed from adjectives

-ance important - importance

-cy vacant – vacancy

-ence competent - competence

-ion desolate – desolation

-ness lonely - loneliness

-ity formal - formality

-ty loyal - loyalty

-y modest - modesty

♦ Adjectives formed from nouns

-ous fame - famous

-al addition - additional

-ic hero - heroic

-ive expense - expensive

-ful (with) care careful

-less (without) care – careless

-y health - healthy

-ly friend - friendly

♦ Adjectives formed from verbs

-able like - likeable

-ible defend – defensible

-ive conclude - conclusive

♦ Verbs formed from adjectives

-en light – lighten

-ise legal - legalize