
- •Basics of Reservoir Simulation
- •with the
- •Eclipse Reservoir Simulator
- •Lecture Notes
- •Øystein Pettersen
- •Introduction
- •Prerequisites
- •1. Overview – minimum required data input
- •1.1 The grid
- •1.2 Petrophysics
- •1.3 Fluid properties
- •1.4 Soil properties
- •1.5 Equilibration
- •1.6 Well specification
- •1.7 Dynamics
- •1.8 Output
- •1.9 Simple Eclipse data file contents
- •A. Syntax
- •B. Data file (“BASIC data input example”)
- •A note on units
- •2. The RUNSPEC section
- •Grid dimension – keyword DIMENS
- •Phases
- •Unit system
- •Start date
- •Unified / Non-unified files (chapter 11)
- •Data checking only
- •Table dimensions
- •EQLDIMS
- •NSTACK (chapters 17-18)
- •Aquifer specifications – AQUDIMS (chapter 14)
- •Grid options (chapter 13)
- •Rock compressibility options (chapter 6)
- •Local Grid Refinement (chapter 15)
- •3. Structured grids (Corner point grids) (GRID section)
- •The Corner Point Grid
- •Defining a corner point grid in Eclipse
- •Moderately complex grids – FILL
- •4. Petrophysics (GRID section)
- •Average permeability
- •Transmissibility
- •Inactive cells
- •5. Fluid properties (PROPS section)
- •Tables in Eclipse
- •Relative permeability and Capillary Pressure
- •Two-phase curves (water – oil)
- •Three-phase relative permeabilities
- •PVT data
- •Water
- •Dead Oil
- •Live Oil
- •6. Soil compressibility (PROPS section)
- •7. Initialisation (SOLUTION section)
- •Datum depth
- •Contacts
- •Equilibrium – discussion – advanced issues
- •8. Time dependent input data (SCHEDULE section)
- •8.1 Well definitions and control
- •Well Specification (WELSPECS keyword)
- •Well Completions (COMPDAT keyword)
- •Production / Injection data (Keywords WCONPROD / WCONINJE)
- •Economic well constraints (keywords WECON, WECONINJ)
- •Other often used Well control keywords
- •8.2 Time stepping
- •Order of actions
- •8.3 Convergence Control I (keyword TUNING)
- •9. Regions
- •10. Simplified input and modification of Eclipse arrays
- •EQUALS
- •ADD, MULTIPLY
- •COPY
- •COPYBOX
- •11. Eclipse output, formats and files
- •File names
- •Textual output
- •The RPTXXX keywords
- •Time dependent vectors – SUMMARY data
- •Restart data and restart files
- •12. Restarting a simulation
- •The SKIPREST keyword
- •13. Fault modelling – Non-neighbour connections
- •The 7-point stencil
- •The fault layout – non-neighbour connections
- •Fault transmissibility multipliers
- •Defining a fault manually – the ADDZCORN keyword
- •14. Aquifer Modelling (GRID section)
- •Aquifer definition
- •Aquifer connection to reservoir
- •15. Local Grid Refinement
- •15.2 LGR on an irregular volume – Amalgamation
- •15.3 Wells on local grids – Horizontal wells
- •15.4 Horizontal wells and friction
- •16. Numerical Solution of the Flow Equations
- •The IMPES method
- •Solution of Non-linear Equations – the Newton-Raphson method
- •17. Iteration methods for linear systems
- •Direct, simple approach
- •The Gauss-Seidel method
- •Accelerators – the point SOR method
- •Conjugate Gradients – ORTHOMIN
- •Preconditioning
- •Preconditioning and Orthomin
- •Determining a preconditioner – Nested Factorisation
- •18. Convergence Control II – TUNING parameters
- •TUNING keyword summarized
- •19. Non-neighbour Connections and System Structure
- •A. GRF files in GRAF
- •A simple straightforward GRF file
- •Advanced GRF file
- •B. Some Considerations Regarding Grid Consistency
- •Grids planned for use in rock mechanics simulations
- •Embedding
- •Non-vertical coordinate lines
- •Honouring material properties of non-reservoir rock.

Example
(See also Figure 13; viscosity is not shown as it behaves as in the dead oil regime)
PVTO |
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-- Rs P_bp(Rs) Bo(P_bp) mu_o(P_bp) |
/ |
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49.0 |
27.2 |
1.1334 |
1.17 |
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108.6 |
81.6 |
1.1626 |
1.11 |
/ |
167.1 |
136.0 |
1.1906 |
1.06 |
/ |
220.8 |
190.4 |
1.2174 |
1.00 |
/ |
267.2 |
245.0 |
1.2432 |
0.95 |
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-- Subtable for |
undersaturated oil with Rs = 267.2 |
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-- |
Po |
Bo(Po) |
mu_o(P_o) |
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272.01.2382 0.95
299.21.2332 0.95
326.41.2283 0.95
353.61.2235 0.95
286.7 |
380.8 |
1.2186 |
0.95 |
/ |
Record end |
272.0 |
1.2544 |
0.94 |
/ |
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306.3 |
299.2 |
1.2656 |
0.92 |
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-- Subtable for |
undersaturated oil with Rs = 306.3 |
326.41.2606 0.92
353.61.2555 0.92
380.8 1.2505 0.92 /
/“Empty” record marks end of table
Oil Formation Volume Factor
1,28 |
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1,26 |
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1,24 |
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1,22 |
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1,2 |
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1,18 |
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Bo (P_bp) |
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1,16 |
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Bo (P_o) (1) |
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Bo (P_o) (2) |
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1,14 |
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1,12 |
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0 |
50 |
100 |
150 |
200 |
250 |
300 |
350 |
400 |
P (bars)
Figure 13. Variation of live oil volume factor, below bubble point and two branches above (from example PVTO table)
6. Soil compressibility (PROPS section)
In reservoir simulation soil compaction (which is actually compaction of the pore space) is modelled as a function of fluid pressure, which is a necessary simplification. The simplest available compaction model is to assume linear elasticity, i.e. a constant coefficient of rock compression (similar to the constant water compressibility discussed above), defined with keyword ROCK, with syntax,
ROCK
Pref [bars] Cr [bars-1]
Example
ROCK
--Pref Cr
310.0 5.0e-6 /
37