The Muscles

The Muscles

1. Read and learn by heart the following terms:

Muscle – мышца Muscular – мышечный Skeletal muscle – скелетные мышцы Smooth muscle – гладкие мышцы Cardiac muscle – сердечная мышца To stretch – разжиматься To contract – сжиматься Springy tendon – тугая жила Voluntary control – произвольноеуправление Involuntary control – непроизвольноеуправление Consciously – сознательно

Striated – поперечнополосатый Spindle-shaped – веретенообразный Skin – кожа Internal organs – внутренние органы Blood vessels – кровеносные сосуды Intestines – кишечник Stomach – желудок Nervous system – нервная система Tissue – ткань Visceral- относящийся к внутренним органам Fiber – волокно Nucleus (sg), nuclei (pl) – ядро, ядра

2. Translate, paying attention to the affixes:

Muscle, musculed, muscular, musculature

Skeleton, skeletal

To stretch, stretcher, stretchy, stretchier, the stretchiest

To contract, contractile, contraction, contractor, contractual, contractually

Voluntary, involuntary, voluntarily, volunteer

Conscious, unconscious, consciously, unconsciously, consciousness

Internal, external

To move, to remove, move, movable, movement, mover, movie, moving, movingly,

3. Read the text and do the following tasks.

Three types of muscle

You’ve got around 650 muscles in your body, and they make up roughly half of your body weight. These muscles can be divided into three different groups: skeletal, smooth and cardiac. All of these muscles can stretch and contract, but they perform very different functions.

Skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscles cover your skeleton, giving your body its shape. They are attached to your skeleton by strong, springy tendons or are directly connected to rough patches of bone. Skeletal muscles are under voluntary control, which means you consciously control what they do, so they are called voluntary muscles. The basic unit is the muscle fiber with many nuclei. These muscle fibers are striated or have transverse streaks that is why they are called striated muscles.

Just about all body movement, from walking to nodding your head, is caused by skeletal muscle contraction. Your skeletal muscles function is to maintain your posture, keeping your body upright. Skeletal muscle is also important for holding your bones in the correct position and prevents your joints from dislocating. Some skeletal muscles in your face are directly attached to your skin. The slightest contraction of one of these muscles changes your facial expression.

Skeletal muscle generates heat of muscle activity. This is vital for maintaining your normal body temperature.

Smooth muscle

Smooth muscle is found in the walls of the internal organs such as those of the blood vessels, intestines and stomach. As it is under control of the autonomic nervous system, smooth muscle acts involuntarily, so it is called involuntary muscle. The non-striated (smooth) muscle cell is spindle-shaped and has one central nucleus. Smooth muscle contracts slowly and rhythmically.

Smooth muscles are involved in many ‘housekeeping’ functions of the body. The walls of the blood vessels are contracting or expanding when they respond to certain chemicals in the blood. The muscular walls of your intestines contract to push food through your body.

Cardiac muscle

Your heart is made of cardiac muscle. This type of muscle only exists in your heart. Unlike other types of muscle, cardiac muscle never gets tired. It works automatically and constantly without ever pausing to rest. Cardiac muscle is under control of the autonomic nervous system. The cardiac muscle cell has one central nucleus, like smooth muscle, but it also is striated, like skeletal muscle. The contraction of cardiac muscle is involuntary, strong, and rhythmical. It contracts to sqeeze blood out of your heart, and relaxes to fill your heart with blood.

4. Match types of muscles with their functions.

1. Skeletal muscle a. is found in the walls of the internal organs

2. Smooth muscle b. exists only in your heart

3. Cardiac muscle c. produces movement, maintains posture, stabilizes joints and generates heat

5. Look for English equivalents:

Мускулы могут разжиматься и сжиматься, шершавые поверхности, качать головой, произвольное управление, мышечные волокна, сохранять осанку, выражение лица, поперечнополосатые мышцы, гладкие мышцы сжимаются ритмично, оберегающие функции, стенки сосудов, автономная нервная система, центральное ядро, защищает суставы, поперечные полосы, расширять.

6. Answer the following questions.

1. What makes up a half of body weight?

2. What groups are muscles divided into?

3. Why are some muscles called skeletal and striated muscles?

4. What muscles are defined as voluntary muscles? And why?

5. What muscle cannot be controlled conciously?

6. What is the main difference of cardiac muscle?

7. What are the functions of each group of muscles?

7. Choose the correct word and fill the blanks.

The blood vessels, cardiac, the heart, skeleton, skeletal, functions, voluntary, striated, involuntary, fiber, smooth, the internal organs, muscle, joints.

1. The word ___________, according to the one theory, comes from a Latin word meaning “little mouse”.

2. There are three types of muscles classified on the basis of structure and ___________: _________ muscle, __________ muscle and _________ muscle.

3. ________ muscles are most necessary for manipulating the bones of the ________.

4. The skeletal muscles can quickly react to changes in the environment and move as you will that is why they are called _________ muscles.

5. Cardiac muscle is under complete ____________ control.

6. _________ between bones can move more or less easily.

7. The walls of ____________ are contracting or expanding when they respond to certain chemicals in the blood.

8. The skeletal muscles consist of muscle ________ of different length.

9. The muscles that form __________ are called visceral muscles.

10. We know that the cardiac muscle forms _________.

8. Characterize each group of muscles.

	Skeletal muscle	Smooth muscle	Cardiac muscle
Structure
Location
Function