Springer Tracts in Modern Physics
Volume 202
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Dirk Manske
Theory
of Unconventional
Superconductors
Cooper-Pairing Mediated by Spin Excitations
With 84 Figures
1 3
Dirk Manske
Max-Planck-Institut für Festkorperforschung¨ Heisenbergstr. 1
70569 Stuttgart, Germany E-mail:d.manske@fkf.mpg.de
Library of Congress Control Number: 2004104588
Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme (PACS): 74.20.Mn, 74.25.-q, 74.70.Pq
ISSN print edition: 0081-3869 ISSN electronic edition: 1615-0430
ISBN 3-540-21229-9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
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To Claudia, Philipp, and Isabell
Preface
Superconductivity remains one of the most interesting research areas in physics and complementary theoretical and experimental studies have advanced our understanding of it. In unconventional superconductors, the symmetry of the superconducting order parameter is di erent from the usual s- wave form found in BCS-like superconductors. For the investigation of these new material systems, well-known experimental tools have been improved and new experimental techniques have been developed.
This book is written for advanced students and researchers in the field of unconventional superconductivity. It contains results I obtained over the last years with various coworkers. The state of the art of research on high- Tc cuprates and on Sr2RuO4 obtained from a generalized Eliashberg theory is presented. Using the Hubbard Hamiltonian and a self-consistent treatment of spin excitations and quasiparticles, we study the interplay between magnetism and superconductivity in various unconventional superconductors. The obtained results are then contrasted to those of other approaches. In particular, a theory of Cooper pairing due to exchange of spin fluctuations is formulated for the case of singlet pairing in holeand electron-doped cuprate superconductors, and for the case of triplet pairing in Sr2RuO4. We calculate both many normal and superconducting properties of these materials, their elementary excitations, and their phase diagrams, which reflect the interplay between magnetism and superconductivity.
In the case of high-Tc superconductors, we emphasize the similarities of the phase diagrams of holeand electron-doped cuprates and give general arguments for a dx2−y2 -wave superconducting order parameter. A comparison with the results of angle-resolved photoemission and inelastic neutron scattering experiments, and also Raman scattering data, is given. We find that key experimental results can be explained.
For triplet Cooper pairing in Sr2RuO4, we focus on the important role of spin–orbit coupling in the normal state and compare the theoretical results with nuclear magnetic resonance data. For the superconducting state, results and general arguments related to the symmetry of the order parameter are provided. It turns out that the magnetic anisotropy of the normal state plays an important role in superconductivity.
Stuttgart, May 2004 |
Dirk Manske |
D. Manske: Theory of Unconventional Superconductors, STMP 202, VII–XI (2004)c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
1 |
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1.1 |
Layered Materials and Their Electronic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . |
3 |
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1.1.1 La2−xSrxCuO4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
4 |
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1.1.2 YBa2Cu3O6+x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
5 |
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1.1.3 Nd2−xCexCuO4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
6 |
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1.2 |
General Phase Diagram of Cuprates and Main Questions . . . . |
7 |
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1.2.1 |
Normal–State Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
8 |
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1.2.2 |
Superconducting State: Symmetry |
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of the Order Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
12 |
1.3 |
Triplet Pairing in Strontium Ruthenate (Sr2RuO4): |
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Main Facts and Main Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
15 |
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1.4 |
From the Crystal Structure to Electronic Properties . . . . . . . . |
19 |
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1.4.1 Comparison of Cuprates and Sr2RuO4: Three–Band |
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Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
19 |
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1.4.2 E ective Theory for Cuprates: One–Band Approach . . |
22 |
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1.4.3 Spin Fluctuation Mechanism for Superconductivity . . . |
23 |
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References |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
28 |
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2 Theory of Cooper Pairing Due to Exchange |
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of Spin Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
33 |
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2.1 |
Generalized Eliashberg Equations for Cuprates |
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and Strontium Ruthenate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
33 |
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2.2 |
Theory for Underdoped Cuprates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
46 |
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2.2.1 |
Extensions for the Inclusion of a d-Wave Pseudogap . . |
48 |
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2.2.2 |
Fluctuation E ects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
52 |
2.3 |
Derivation of Important Formulae and Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . |
60 |
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2.3.1 |
Elementary Excitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
60 |
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2.3.2 Superfluid Density and Transition Temperature |
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for Underdoped Cuprates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
62 |
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2.3.3 |
Raman Scattering Intensity |
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Including Vertex Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
65 |
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2.3.4 |
Optical Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
71 |
2.4 |
Comparison with Similar Approaches for Cuprates . . . . . . . . . . |
73 |
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2.4.1 The Spin Bag Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
74 |
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XContents
2.4.2The Theory of a Nearly Antiferromagnetic Fermi
Liquid (NAFL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 2.4.3 The Spin–Fermion Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 2.4.4 BCS–Like Model Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 2.5 Other Scenarios for Cuprates: Doping a Mott Insulator . . . . . . 84 2.5.1 Local vs. Nonlocal Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2.5.2 The Large-U Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 2.5.3 Projected Trial Wave Functions and the RVB Picture . 88 2.5.4 Current Research and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3 Results for High–Tc Cuprates Obtained from a |
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Generalized Eliashberg Theory: Doping Dependence . . . . . . |
99 |
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3.1 The Phase Diagram for High–Tc Superconductors . . . . . . . . . . |
99 |
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3.1.1 |
Hole–Doped Cuprates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
99 |
3.1.2 |
Electron–Doped Cuprates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
109 |
3.2Elementary Excitations in the Normal
and Superconducting State: Magnetic Coherence,
Resonance Peak, and the Kink Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.2.1Interplay Between Spins and Charges:
a Consistent Picture of Inelastic Neutron Scattering
Together with Tunneling and Optical–Conductivity
Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 3.2.2 The Spectral Density Observed by ARPES:
Explanation of the Kink Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 3.3 Electronic Raman Scattering in Hole–Doped Cuprates . . . . . . 137
3.3.1 Raman Response and its Relation to the Anisotropy
and Temperature Dependence of the Scattering Rate . . 138 3.4 Collective Modes in Hole–Doped Cuprates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 3.4.1 A Reinvestigation of Inelastic Neutron Scattering . . . . . 145 3.4.2 Explanation of the “Dip–Hump” Feature in ARPES . . 148 3.4.3 Collective Modes in Electronic Raman Scattering? . . . . 149
3.5 Consequences of a dx2−y2 –Wave Pseudogap
in Hole–Doped Cuprates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 3.5.1 Elementary Excitations and the Phase Diagram . . . . . . 152
3.5.2Optical Conductivity and Electronic Raman Response 158
3.5.3Brief Summary of the Consequences of the Pseudogap 167
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
4 Results for Sr2RuO4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
177 |
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4.1 |
Elementary Spin Excitations in the Normal State of Sr2RuO4 |
179 |
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4.1.1 Importance of Spin–Orbit Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
179 |
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4.1.2 The Role of Hybridization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
182 |
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4.1.3 Comparison with Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
185 |
4.2 |
Symmetry Analysis of the Superconducting Order Parameter |
187 |
Contents XI
4.2.1 Triplet Pairing Arising from Spin Excitations . . . . . . . . 188 4.3 Summary, Comparison with Cuprates, and Outlook . . . . . . . . . 192 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5 Summary, Conclusions, and Critical remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
A Solution Method for the Generalized Eliashberg |
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Equations for Cuprates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
211 |
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References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
214 |
B |
Derivation of the Self-Energy (Weak-Coupling Case) . . . . . 215 |
|
C |
dx2−y2 -Wave Superconductivity Due to Phonons? . . . . . . . . . |
225 |
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227