LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Major components of a cell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Figure 2. Cells connected in series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Figure 3. Cells connected in parallel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Figure 4. Typical planté plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Figure 5. Typical construction of a pasted plate grid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Figure 6. Typical construction of a tubular plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Figure 7. Self-discharge rates of three grid materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Figure 8. Changes in voltage and specific gravity during charge and discharge. . . . . 18 Figure 9. Typical effects of discharge rate on battery capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Figure 10. Typical effects of depth of discharge on traction battery life. . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Figure 11. Typical effects of operating temperatures on traction battery capacity. . . . 21

Figure 12. Cutaway view of a typical battery used for starting, lighting, and

ignition (SLI). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Figure 13. Typical stationary battery used for backup power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Figure 14. Components of sealed lead-acid cell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Figure 15. Diagram of a duty cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure 16. Charge rate versus time for a typical constant-voltage charger. . . . . . . . . . 31

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Specific gravities for flooded batteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

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