Каширский 434-2004

TEXT 1

The Department of Electronics

TEXT1.1

1.Study the following words and word combinations: endeavour-усилие, попытка; disabled-нетрудоспособный; remote sensing-дистанционное ощущение; excitement (зд.)-

привлекательная сторона; dexterity-ловкость.

2.Skim the following text and try to understand it.

3.Read the text carefully and speak about applications of electronics in science.

Electronics

Electronics is the leading technology of the 20th century' and is likely to continue to be so in the 21st. Electronic devices feature in all aspects of life - from computers to domestic hi-fi, telephones to body scanners, central heating systems to pocket calculators. The electronics industry continues to grow with new applications emerging constantly.

The designers of electronic systems provide solutions to problems in all areas of human endeavour. Few academic disciplines provide routes to such a diverse range of activities. Here at York we are working on applications in aerospace, aids for the disabled, archaeology, biscuit making, building acoustics, communications, computing, environmental protection, machine vision, medicine, music systems, paper

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production, remote sensing, semiconductor devices, and speech analysis - to name but a few. The excitement of electronics lies in the opportunity to address such an astonishing range of problems with techniques that offer an almost boundless range of possibilities.

Electronics is a subject for those with agile and creative minds. Though strong mathematical skills are important, the prime requirement is an ability to reason in a clear and logical manner. There is a practical side to a degree course in electronics, but this requires only average dexterity. The image of electronics as something carried out by amateur enthusiasts is a misplaced one at university level.

1.Annotate the text using the following plan:

1)the importance of electronics in the contemporary world;

2)the main applications of electronic systems;

3)the prime requirements for studying electronics.

2.Choose the best variant to complete each sentence:

address such an astonishing range of problems with techniques that offer an

4.Electronics is a subject for those with 4 and creative minds.

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TEXT 1.2

1.Study the following words and word combinations: wildfowl - дичь; appreciation - понимание;

accommodation arrangements - условия проживания; campus - территория университета;

fluency - плавность, беглость; свободное владение;

to negotiate - вести переговоры; вести дело; улаживать, преодолевать;

viable - жизнеспособный, работоспособный;

BEng - Bachelor of English; MEng - Master of English.

2.Read the text and give the translation using the dictionary.

3.Comment upon the advantages of teaching at University of York in the Russian language. Electronics at York

The University of York is one of the leading institutions for the study of Electronics at all levels. The undergraduate courses are broadly based, and in the later stages offer a wide range of options. They are not for the faint-hearted, being demanding of both energy and intellect.

Teaching is carried out via a mixture of lectures, seminars, small group tutorials, laboratory and project work: York has a particular reputation in the use of small-group teaching and personal supervision by academic staff. The first year is designed to provide each student with an appreciation of the basic principles of electronic engineering, while developing fluency in supporting skills in maths and computing. During the second year the emphasis switches to systems that combine these elements to meet the needs of particular applications. Subsequent years provide a very wide

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range of options that allow each student to pursue their personal interests. Most of the Honours Degree courses are available in the form of a

3-year full-time BEng, as a 'sandwich' 2-1-1 BEng, or as an enhanced 4-year full-time MEng. Whatever the course, the final objective is to train designers of electronic equipment - originality, initiative and flair are key elements of every year of the course.

The Department is also fortunate to be based within a pleasant campus environment, with a wide assortment of hungry wildfowl!

Full advantage is taken of the University's unusually good accommodation arrangements, where two-thirds of students live in their College rooms on the campus or nearby. In the first year, for example, students co-operate in groups in a project to design and build some 'commercially' viable device. The project starts with a poster presentation, and proceeds to a demonstration of the final product. In later years students work in groups on a software engineering project that requires the group to operate as a commercial concern where they negotiate sub-contracts, manage time aid costs, and demonstrate professional control of their project. These joint exercises are substantial and their success is enhanced by the ability of the students to meet and use University facilities outside timetabled hours.

The campus environment allows many other extracurricular activities, including both a campus based television station (YSTV) and the oldest university radio station in the UK (University Radio York), run and maintained by students on a voluntary basis.

4. Annotate the text using the following plan:

1)the undergraduate courses of the University of York;

2)the goals of the academic course;

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3) the accommodation arrangements and the campus environment of the University.

2.The first year is designed to provide each student with an

____2____ of the basic principles of electronic engineering, a) realization b) conception c) appreciation d) interpretation

3.The Department is also fortunate to be based within a pleasant campus environment, with a wide assortment of hungry ____3_____

a) poultry b) prey c) wildfowl d) fish

4.Full 4 is taken of the University’s unusually good

TEXT 1.3

1. Study the following words and word combinations: dedicated - специализированный; lecture

theatres - лекционные аудитории; conventional - традиционный; concourse area - вестибюль; ramp - наклонный подъем/спуск; wheelchair - инвалидное кресло; to gain - получать, добиваться;

increasingly - все в большей степени; все больше и больше.

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2. Read the text and give the translation using the dictionary.

Electronics Buildings and Facilities

The Electronics Department is housed in a complex of purpose-built buildings in the centre of the campus. All of our teaching activities normally take place in this relatively small area - dedicated teaching laboratories support each year of the course and final-year students are allocated a personal laboratory work area. There are also specialized computing and microprocessor teaching laboratories and custom-built digital recording studio facilities support those pursuing music-related courses.

The research laboratories and staff offices are also close at hand - undergraduates often become involved with research activities via their individual final-year project, with some projects taking place in research laboratories.

Lectures take place in well-equipped lecture theatres, usually within the main Electronics building, all of which are provided with conventional blackboards and overhead projection facilities. Some also contain facilities for film and video. There are a number of smaller rooms which are used for seminars, small-group tutorials and small-group lectures. The main building contains a large concourse area which houses seating, a range of vending machines, public telephones and a coinoperated photocopier. A porter is on duty throughout the day to assist with any difficulties. All areas of the building are accessible by ramp or lift and students restricted to wheelchairs have been successfully accommodated.

Students have open access to the Departmental computer laboratory: from here, access can also be gained to the main University computer system. All students have a personal electronic mailbox and are able to use the email, internet and World-Wide-Web facilities. Alternatively, the University system can be accessed from terminals located in the student Colleges

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on a 24 hour basis. Some of the newer student rooms are provided with connection points to the University network and students who own a suitable PC and modem are increasingly able to access the Departmental computers or the University system.

The Departmental stores are available to students: stationery, lecture notes, electronic components and many other items can be purchased.

3. Annotate the text using the following plan:

1)the building of the Electronics Department;

2)the accommodation of students;

3)the facilities provided for students to broaden their knowledge.

4» Choose the best variant to complete each sentence:

2.Lectures take place in well-equipped lecture 2 a) theatres b) compartments c) libraries d) departments

3.A 3 is on duty throughout the day to assist with any difficulties.

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TEXT 2

1. Read the text and give the translation using the dictionary. Study the following words and word combinations before reading: ship-to-shore communication - связь между кораблем и берегом; frequency - частота;

bandwidth - пропускная способность; variety - множество;

transmitter - передатчик; receiver - приемник; quantization - квантование; transceiver - приемопередатчик;

full-duplex - полнодуплексный (выполняющий одновременно прием и передачу);

vehicle - транспортное средство; pedestrian - пешеход;

peer-to-peer - соединение равноправных узлов/устройств; satellite - спутник (планеты);

band of spectrum - полоса спектра; dedicated - выделенный;

trunking - группообразующий;

public switched network - (в контексте) телефонная или другая коммутируемая сеть;

wave propagation - распространение волн; line-of-sight - линия прямой видимости; scattered - случайный (сигнал); ray-tracing - трассировка луча;

in terms of - с точки зрения.

Overview of Mobile Communication Systems

Mobile radio communication began with Guglielmo Marconi's and Alexander Popov's experiments with ship-to-shore communication in the 1890's. Land mobile radiotelephone systems

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have been used since 1921. Radio systems have increased in importance since that time tor both voice and data communication. Modem mobile systems mostly use high frequencies (UHF and above) because of the larger available bandwidth at these frequencies. In the United States this includes cellular telephone systems operating at 800-900 MHz and personal communication systems (PCS) at 1800-2000 MHz, and a variety of unlicensed devices.

A wireless communication link includes a transmitter, a receiver, and a channel. Quantization, coding and decoding are only performed in digital systems. Most links are full duplex and include a transmitter and a receiver or a transceiver at each end of the link. In a mobile communication system at least one of the transceivers is mobile. It may be on board a vehicle that can move at high speeds, or it may be a handheld· unit used by a pedestrian. Basic types of systems include base/mobile, peer-to-peer, repeater, and mobile satellite systems.

In a base/mobile system, a base station connected to a public network communicates with a mobile unit. This gives the mobile unit access to the public network. More than one mobile at a time can be supported if a different channel (such as a narrow band of spectrum) is assigned to each user. In most systems, channels are assigned to users as needed rather than giving each user a dedicated channel that is reserved for that user at all times. This is called trunking and allows large numbers of users to be supported with a limited number of available channels, with a small probability that any given call will be blocked because all channels are busy. Cellular telephony uses the base/mobile configuration to give mobile users access to the public switched telephone network.

In peer-to-peer systems, mobile units communicate directly with each other. Mobile units sharing a frequency channel can communicate with one another, and independent conversations can take place on different channels. Many amateur, and most CB radio contacts fit into this peer-to- peer

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model. In peer-to-peer systems, a mobile can sometimes hear only one of two other mobiles that are using a channel, when a total of three users are active.

In a repeater system, all users transmit on one channel and listen on a second channel. The repeater, a transceiver that is located at a high point, retransmits the signals with greater power on the second channel. In this system, all users can communicate with each other using one pair of frequencies. A repeater system allows communication over a much greater range than in a direct peer-to-peer system. Repeaters are used for public services and some amateur radio operations at VHF and UHF frequencies.

In a mobile satellite system, one or more satellites relays signals between a mobile user and an earth-based base station or "gateway" that connects to the public switched network. The large distances and high speeds of the satellites introduce some difficulties, but a system of this type can provide worldwide coverage. At VHF and above, radio wave propagation is mostly by line-of-sight, with reflected, diffracted, and scattered signals dominating when the line-of-sight path is blocked. These effects can be modeled directly using ray-tracing or FDTD techniques, but this requires a very detailed representation of the objects in the environment, and is extremely computationally complex. Typically the channel characteristics are described in terms of a few phenomena that can be measured.

2. Annotate the text using the following plan:

1)The origin of mobile radio communication and its modem applications;

2)The structure and the operation of mobile communication systems:

a)base systems;

b)peer-to-peer systems;

c)repeater systems;

d)mobile satellite systems.

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