Chemiluminescence in Analytical Chemistry

606

CL (see Chemiluminescence) Clenbuterol immunoassay, 543 Clocapramine dihydrochloride, 119 Clomiprimine hydrochloride, 119 Cobalt(II):

as catalyst, 124, 178, 572, 577, 582 CE-CL detection of, 135–136, 438,

455

determination of, 58, 125, 129, 132, 203, 300, 303

ECL determination of, 223, 228 Codeine, 222

Compact detection cell, 467–468 Competitive binding assay, 28 Continuous-addition-of-reagent tech-

nique, 164, 189–196, 200, 205 Continuous-flow analysis, 50, 322 Continuous stirring tank reactor, 197–

199

Copper(II):

as catalyst, 124, 178, 186, 453–454, 571, 577, 582

CE-CL detection of, 135–136, 454 CL sensor for, 581–582 determination of, 26, 58, 125, 127,

129, 203, 303

ECL determination of, 223, 228, 229 Cortisol, 29

Cortisone, 117

Cosmetics, 526

Coumaric acid, as enhancer, 538 Coumarin derivatives, 162, 163, 412,

413, 572

Coupling reactions, 128–131 Creatine kinase, 438, 464 Cristalloluminescence, 13 Cyanide, 127, 129

Cyclodextrin, 286, 295, 296, 307, 308 Cypridina, 271

Cytomegalovirus, 491 Cytotoxicity assays, 257

Damage:

of blood, 525 of cell, 501, 525 ischemic, 525

Index

[Damage]

to lipids, 499

to nucleic acids, 499 oxidative, 499, 501 to proteins, 499

to tissue, 525

Dansyl chloride, 162, 163, 194, 412, 414, 420

Dansyl hydrazine, 163, 413, 414 Dark counts (see Dark current) Dark current, 55, 56, 86, 93–94

Data acquisition system, in FIA-CL, 325 Davis’ oxaziridine, 115

DDE, ECL determination of, 217, 223 (see also Pesticides)

DDT, ECL determination of, 217, 223 (see also Pesticides)

Dead volume, 336

Decay rate constant, 177–179, 182– 184, 186, 187

Delay coil, 334

Depth well capacity, 93

Derivatization reactions, 159–165, 178, 179, 434

in CAR-CLS, 193–197 in CE-CL, 435–452

in DNA analysis, 561

in HPLC-CL, 405–409, 411–417, 420 Desipramine hydrochloride, 119 Detection system, in FIA-CL, 325 Detectors, 54–57 (see also Chemilumi-

nescence, instrumentation for) Detoxification, 498

Dexamethasone, 117, 406 DFPO, 409

Diabetes, 518

Diacylhydrazides, 14, 105 (see also Acylhydrazides)

4,5-Diaminophthalhydrazide, 408

1,2-Diarylethylenediamine derivatives, 413, 415

Diazaquinone, 300 α-Dicarbonyl compounds, 406

Didodecyldimethylammonium bromide, 297, 303

4-Diethylaminophthalohydrazide, 303

Index

3,3′-Diethylthiadicarbocyanine iodide, 417

1,3-Diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid, 413 Differential interference contrast, 97 Bis(2,6-difluorophenyl)oxalate (see

DFPO) Digoxigenin, 555

Digoxigenin-labeled probe, 559 Digoxin, 118 6,7-Dimethoxy-1-methyl-2(1H )-

quinoxalinone-3-proprionyl- carboxylic acid hydrazide, 413

N,N′-Dimethyl-9,9′-bisacridinium dinitrate (see Lucigenin)

Tetrakis (dimethylamino)ethylene, 16, 31, 114

N-[4-(6-Dimethylamino-2-benzo- furanyl)phenyl]maleimide, 413

7-Dimethylamino-3-{4- [(iodoacetyl)amino]phenyl}-4- methylcoumarin, 413

4-Dimethylaminopyridine, 151 Dimethyl sulfide:

CL sensor for, 573 detector for, 367, 386

reaction with fluorine and F-atoms, 367–371, 378

4-(N,N-Dimethylaminosulphonyl)-7- fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole, 412, 414

4-(N,N-Dimethylaminosulphonyl)-7- hydrazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole, 413, 414

Bis(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)oxalate (see DNPO)

Dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide, 297, 299, 301 1,2-Dioxetanedione, 21, 110, 147–

148,150

Dioxetanes, 18–19, 110, 112–114, 116, 119, 304

Dioxetanones, 110, 113 Dioxirane, 114

Diphenoyl peroxide, 22, 114, 115 9,10-Diphenylanthracene, 107, 110, 115,

142

ECL determination of, 216, 223

607

9,10-Diphenylanthracene-2-sulfonate,

217 Dipyridamole, 411, 416

4-[4,5-Di(2-pyridyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] phenylboronic acid, 403, 404

Direct chemiluminescence, 44, 76, 77, 80, 178

Direct oxidation, 31–32, 117–118, 126–128

Disease diagnosis, using ECL, 240 Dissolved oxygen, 128 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol,

382

Divinyl sulfone, 420 D-Luciferin, 107 DNA:

analysis of, 30–31, 551–565 chip, 97

CL sensors for, 587–588

ECL determination of, 222, 241 probes, 483, 490–492, 530, 553, 556,

559, 561, 563 quantification, 563 sequencing, 87, 99–102

DNPO, 19, 111, 142, 145, 151, 153, 166, 179, 181, 194, 195, 197, 439

in HPLC-CL, 409, 411, 412 N-Dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-ammonium-3-

propane-1-sulfonate, 299, 306 Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide,

302 Dopamine, 299

Drugs, determination of, 31–32, 117– 119, 256 (see also Pharmaceuticals)

Dynamic range, 93

ECL (see Electrogenerated chemiluminescence)

Edible oils, determination of, 59 Efficiency:

chemical, 77

of chemiluminescence, 77 of excitation, 77

of fluorescence, 71–73, 80

608

Eicosapentaenoic acid, 406 Electrode gates, 89, 99 Electrogenerated chemiluminescence,

16, 59, 60, 127, 178–179, 212– 215

in capillary electrophoresis, 236–238, 417, 451–452, 458–462

in electrode characterization, 242– 243

electrodes for, 229–230 enzyme coupled, 238–240 flow cells, 230–232

in flow injection analysis, 233–234, 339

immunoassay, 240–242 inorganic electron transfer, 217–

227 instrumentation, 229–232

in liquid chromatography, 234–236 in miniaturized analytical systems,

242

organic ion-annihilation ECL, 215– 217

probes, 232, 575

sensors, 238–240, 579–580, 584– 586

Electroluminescence, 12 Electrolytic flow-through cell, 127

Electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (see EMMA)

ELISA, 257, 533, 586 Emetine, 459

dithiocarbamate, 459 Emission spectra:

for FPD detector, 376–377

of reactions with active nitrogen, 363

of reactions with chlorine dioxide, 374

of reactions with fluorine and F- atoms, 366–368, 371, 378, 386

of reactions with O-atoms, 360–362 of reactions with ozone, 354–359 of reactions with sodium atoms,

373 EMMA, 464

Index

End-column detector, in capillary electrophoresis, 451

Energy: exchange, 76

process, 178, 179, 181, 193, 194 resonance, 75,76

transfer chemiluminescence, 75, 76, 78, 178, 193 (see also Indirect chemiluminescence)

Enhanced chemiluminescence, 530, 536 Enhancer, 403, 538

Environment:

and air contamination, 259 bioluminescence in, 274, 256 pollution, 518

and wastewater, 259 Enzymatic reaction, 574 Enzyme:

chemiluminescent reactions catalyzed by, 552–555

CL sensors based on, 573–580 coupled ECL, 238–240 immobilization of, 29, 180, 266 immunoassay, 533

linked immunosorbent assay (see ELISA)

probes labeled by, 555 reactor, 201–202 turnover, 530, 536, 540

Eosine, 14

Eosine Y, 439, 442 Epinephrine, 299, 412, 582, 585 Epoxides, 59, 119

Erythrosine B, 439 Ethanol, 573, 580, 584

ECL determination of, 223, 238 Ethylene:

with active nitrogen, 363–364 with ozone, 354, 357, 385–386

Ethylenediamine, 413, 415 Exothermicity, 351

of reactions with active nitrogen, 363–364

of reactions with fluorine and F- atoms, 366, 370

of reactions with ozone, 354, 356, 358

Index

Explosives residues, ECL determination of, 223, 228

Exposure time, 91, 98

Fatty acid, 413 FIA:

basic principles, 322–325

CL detection in, 28–29, 86–87, 157, 180, 181, 200–202, 267, 300, 303, 323

with CL detection, principles of, 325–332

in CL sensors, 568, 573, 574, 576, 580, 586

connectors, 336 dispersion in, 324–328 in ECL, 233–234 equilibrium in, 324, 329

instrumentation for CL detection, 325, 332–340

online pretreatment with CL detection, 335

Fiberoptic (see Optical fiber)

FID (see Flame ionization detector) Fill factor, 97

Filter wheels, 97–98 Firefly:

luciferase, 29, 107, 250, 251, 464, 559

in ATP assays, 26, 251–259 biomedical applications of,

257

as enhancer, 538

as labeling enzyme, 257–258 mechanism catalyzed by, 251,

255

as reporter gene, 260 luciferin, 403, 404

Fixed pattern noise, 94–95, 96–97 Flame:

emission, 295

ionization detector, 359, 379, 382, 384

photometric detector, 373, 375– 378

Flavonoids, 520

609

Flow: assay, 267

cell, 49, 50, 53, 322, 324, 325, 330, 331, 336, 337, 400, 574, 575

for ECL, 230–232 chemiluminescence sensing system,

569

injection analysis (see FIA) laminar, 326 microdialysis, 270

rate, 329, 331 turbulent, 326

Flow-through sensor, 568 Fluorescamine, 163, 441 Fluorescein, 14, 112, 298, 303, 308 Fluorescence, 4–7, 295

derivatization reagents, 414 dynamic quenching of, 74, 75, 80 natural lifetime of, 71–73, 77 quantum yield of, 71–73, 77 static quenching of, 74, 80

Fluorimeter, 9, 10

Fluorine, 354, 365, 375, 387 atoms, 365

with hydrocarbons, 366 with iodine compounds, 372

produced in reactions between sulfur compounds and fluorine, 367, 370

with iodine compounds, 372

with selenium, tellurium, and phosphorous compounds, 371–372, 378–379

with sulfur compounds, 351, 366– 371, 378–379, 386

Fluorine-induced chemiluminescence detector, 366, 368, 370, 372, 378– 379

4-Fluoro-7-nitrobenzoxadiazole, 163 Fluorophore, 45, 145–146, 45, 395–

397, 435 Fluoropyrimidines, 413 Fluphenazine, 411 FMN, 261, 262

Food irradiation, 520, 526 9-Formamidoanthracene, 115

610

Formation rate constant, 177, 179, 182– 184, 186

Fouling of electrodes, 215, 230 Fountain cell, 337

FPD (see Flame photometric detector) Free radical, 497, 499–505, 511, 516, 519

scavenger, 520 French paradox, 520 Fructose, 297

Fruit, 526

Fuels, 376, 379, 382 Fungal peroxidase, 577

β-Galactosidase, 116 Gallic acid, 129

Gas chromatography:

CL detection in, 59–60, 375–384 CL detectors utilizing active nitrogen,

364, 383–384

CL detectors utilizing fluorine and F- atoms, 378–379

CL detectors utilizing ozone, 359, 379–383

requirements in, 375 Genotoxics, 263 Germanium (IV), 131, 134 Glucopyranose, 295 Glucose:

CL sensors for, 574–576, 581, 585 dehydrogenase, 581

determination of, 29, 58, 157–159, 297, 302, 307

ECL determination of, 222, 223, 228, 238, 239, 575

oxidase, 157–159, 574, 577, 581 Glutamate oxidase, 159, 581 Glutamic acid, determination of, 159 Glutamine, 576, 581 Glycosaminoglucans, 163 Glycosaminoglycans, 413

Glyoxal derivatives, 420 Glyphosphate and related compounds,

ECL determination of, 235, 236 Gold(III), 124, 129, 132 Gouy-Chapman Layer, 290

Green fluorescent protein, 273–274

Index

Grignard reagents, 13, 118

Guanine, 420

Gynecology, 525

HACCP, 258–259 Hair, 126

Half-life, 191, 192, 200, 202, 204 Halocarbons, 363, 373–375, 377 (see

also Iodine compounds) Harmaline, determination of, 164 HAS (see Human serum albumin) Hazard analysis and critical control

point (see HACCP)

HCCD (see High resolution charge coupled device)

HDL, 519, 523 Health, 526 Heart attack, 518

Heart-lung machine, 525 Heliotherapy, 498, 525 Hematin, 457

Heme compounds, determination of, 58 Heme proteins, 452, 457

Heparin, determination of, 29 Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg),

586

Heptakis 2,6-di-O-methyl β-cyclodex- trin, 308

Herpes simplex virus, 490, 491 Hexadecylpyridinium bromide, 302 Hexadecyltrimethylammonium:

bromide, 296, 300–303, 306 chloride, 296–299, 306 hydroxide, 297–299, 306

High performance capillary electrophoresis, 429–434 (see also Capillary electrophoresis)

High performance liquid chromatography (see HPLC)

High resolution charge coupled device, 88, 93, 94, 97–98 (see also CCD)

High throughput screening, 88, 101, 483 Histamine:

ECL determination of, 223 HPLC-CL detection of, 412

Index

Histidine, ECL determination of, 228 Homogeneous hybridization assay, 561 Horseradish peroxidase, 31, 59, 298,

531, 552, 556, 573, 574, 577, 581

CE-CL detection of, 438, 467

as label in CL imaging, 479–480 signal reagents for, 535–538

HPCE (see High performance capillary electrophoresis)

HPLC, 295, 378, 381–382, 394 applications of CL detection in, 404–

421

CL detection in, 29–30, 59, 133–136, 394–395

CL reactions used for, 395–397, 399–404

construction of CL detection systems for, 397–399

HRP (see Horseradish peroxidase) HTS (see High throughput screening) Human blood serum, 307

Human papillomavirus, 490

Human serum albumin, 441, 516, 517, 519, 586

Hyaluronic acid, 413 Hybridization, 555, 587 Hydrazine:

CL sensor for, 572

ECL determination of, 223, 232 2-(4-Hydrazinocarbonylphenyl)-4,5- diphenylimidazole, 413

Hydrocarbons, 16, 115, 363, 365–366, 377–378, 383

alkanes, 357, 359, 363–365, 378, 383 alkenes, 354, 357, 359, 363–365,

370, 379, 383–385 alkynes, 119, 357

amino-polyaromatics, 146, 154, 164 aromatics, 19, 115, 154, 164, 357,

359 nitro-polyaromatics, 164, 381

polyaromatic, ECL determination of, 223, 229,

polycyclic aromatic, 58, 112, 164, 179, 180, 197, 381

611

Hydrocortisone, 117, 118 Hydrogel sorbents, 570

Hydrogen peroxide, 14, 31, 127, 303, 335, 342

CL sensors for, 568, 573–574, 582 determination of, 19, 58, 145, 154–

159, 298, 408, 411, 415–416 ECL determination of, 223, 228, 339 reaction with lophine, 25, 106 reaction with lucigenin, 15, 25, 107,

112–113, 297-299, 308, 344 reaction with luminol, 25, 26,

29,108–109, 302, 306, 335, 344, 403, 438, 450, 577, 578, 580, 581

reaction with peroxyoxalates, 335, 436, 437, 439, 581

in titrations, 25–26 6-Hydroxybenzothiazole derivatives,

403, 404 5-Hydroxyindoles, 406 α-Hydroxyisobutyric acid, 455

2-(4′-Hydroxy-3′-methoxy-benzylidene)- 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione, 403, 404

2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl- imidazole, 403, 404

2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-di(2- pyridyl)imidazole, 403, 404

4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)thiazole, 403,404

8-Hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid, 455 Hypochlorite, 516

Hypoxanthine, 578, 581

Ibuprofen, 223, 228, 406 ICP-MS, 125

ICP-OES, 125

Imidazole, 151–153, 158, 165, 167 Imipramine hydrochloride, 119 Immobilization:

of bioluminescent systems, 266 enzyme reactor, 157–159, 398, 403,

408, 416 hybridization, 556

of reagents, 29, 232–233, 574, 576, 577, 578

Immunoassay:

bioluminescent, 257, 273–275 CL applications, 27, 541–545 competitive format, 532

with ECL detection, 240–242 enzyme, 533–535

principles, 531–533 Immunosensors, 586–587

Indirect chemiluminescence, 45, 76, 78, 79, 81, 142, 178

Indium, 127 Indole:

derivatives, 18, 105, 106

ECL determination of, 223, 228 Infarction, 525

Inhibition of chemiluminescence, 126, 506–508

Injection system, in FIA-CL, 325 Inorganic compounds, 129–130 Instrumentation, 176, 180, 182, 183,

188–192, 196, 199–201 Instruments:

commercial, 87, 99–102, 126 self-assembled, 85, 88

Intensification (see CCD cooled cameras)

Intensity, standard for chemiluminescence, 87

Interleukin, 8, 488 Internal:

conversion, 70 medicine, 525

Internet:

bioluminescence in, 60–61 chemiluminescence in, 60–61

Intersystem crossing, 71 Iodine, 129

compounds, 365, 372 4-Iodophenol, 403, 404 4-Iodophenylboronic acid, 403,

404 Ion-chromatography, 134

Ionene, as additive to signal reagent, 538

Ion-exchange, 134

Ions, CL sensor for, 582

Iridium(III), 129 Iron (II):

as catalyst, 109, 112, 302 determination of, 58, 127, 128, 129,

166, 454 in titrations, 26

Iron (III):

as catalyst, 112, 186

determination of, 58, 129, 130, 136, 166, 455

γ-Irradiation (see Food irradiation) Isoluminol, 14, 29, 109, 110, 436,

448 isothiocyanate, 468

thiocarbamyl derivatives, 449 Isoniazide, 117

Isoprenaline, 306

Isoprene detector, 385–386 6-Isothiocyanatobenzo[g]phthalazine-

1,4 (2H,3H )-dione, 405, 406, 407

4-Isothiocyanatophthalhydrazide, 405, 406, 407

Jablonski diagram, 8, 43

Jones reductor, 128

α-Keto acids, 406 Ketones, 106, 163 Kinetic equation, 178

Kinetics, of ECL reactions, 234 Kinetometrics, 176, 200, 204, 205

Lactate, 576, 579, 581 Lag phase, 501, 502, 519

Laser-induced fluorescence, 434 LDL, 497, 509, 510, 518, 525

antioxidant capacity of, 518, 519, 521

isolation, 518, 519

oxidation, 518, 519, 521, 523, 525 protection, 523

Lead (II), 25, 26, 129, 130, 131 Light transducer, 569

Lipoproteins, 517, 518, 521, 522 (see also LDL)

Index

Liposomes, 436, 442–443 Liquid chromatography (see also

HPLC):

CL detection in, 59, 60, 180, 181, 188, 196, 197, 200, 203

ECL detection in, 234–236 Liquid scintillation counters, 56 Local anesthetics, 222, 224 Lofepramine hydrochloride, 119 Lophine, 12, 106, 107, 395

in tritrations, 25 Loprazolam, 117

Lubricating oils, determination of, 59

Luc gene, 260, 269

Luciferase, 12, 250, 553, 559 (see also Firefly luciferase)

bacterial, 250, 262

Pholas dactylus, 270 Renilla, 275

Luciferin, 12, 106, 107, 250, 464, 530 (see also Firefly luciferin)

Lucigenin, 15, 29, 112–113, 128–130, 228, 395, 396, 503, 504

CE-CL detection of, 437, 468 in HPLC-CL detection, 408–409 in micellar medium, 297–300,

305–307

in titrations, 25, 26

Luciola: cruciata, 256 lateralis, 256 mingrelica, 256

Luminarin, 412, 413 (see also Coumarin derivatives)

Luminescence, 7, 8, 12, 84–85, 102, 296

-based sensors, 568 classification of phenomena, 42 efficiency, 296

processes, 46 quantum efficiency, 46 quantum yield, 46

Luminographs (see Chemiluminescent imaging, instrumentation for)

613

Luminol, 14, 28, 29, 31, 108–110, 118, 125, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184– 187, 192, 193, 198, 199, 201– 205, 300–301, 403

in CE-CL detection, 437, 448, 449, 451, 455, 456, 457, 465, 468

in CL sensors, 31, 570, 572, 574, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 585

derivatives in HPLC-CL detection, 395–396, 404–408

ECL determination of, 223 ECL reaction mechanism, 227

in enhanced CL, 530, 535–536, 552, 553–554

HRP detection, 553, 556

as indicator in titrations, 25, 26 in inorganic analysis, 127–135

in photosensitized CL, 503–506, 508, 511

Luminometer, 49, 84–87, 99–102 (see also Instruments)

calibration of, 87 Lux gene, 263, 266 Lysine, 581

oxidase, 576, 581

Malondialdehyde, 413

Manganese(II), 58, 125, 129, 136, 186 in firefly luciferase reaction, 251

Maprotiline, 406 Marker enzyme, 555 Medazepam, 118

Medroxyprogesterone, 413 Membrane hybridization, 555 Mercury(I),(II), 129, 131, 186, 229 Metal ions:

CE-CL detection of, 438, 454 determination of, 58, 126, 145, 166

Metalloids, 365, 375, 377 (see also Antimony, arsenic, and tellurium compounds)

Metal: alkali, 350

alkaline earths, 350 hydrides, 359–360

614

N-Methyl-9-acridinecarboxylic acid, 113

10-Methyl-9-acridinium carboxylate, 409, 410

N-Methylacridone, 15, 112, 113, 297, 305

N-Methyl-9-bis(alkoxy)methylacridan, 113

Methylene blue, 417, 503 3-Methylindole, 108 Methylprednisolone, 117 Bis[N-[2-(N′-methyl-2′-

pyridiniumyl)ethyl]-N- [(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]] oxamide, 305

Metmyoglobin, 502 Metoprolol, 412 Mexiletine, 412

Micellar media, 286, 296, 298, 306 Micelle, 287, 290, 291, 293–295

cationic, 299 core of, 290–293

critical concentration, 287, 293 Dill model of, 292, 294 Fromherz model of, 292, 294 ionic, 292, 293

Menger model of, 291, 294 model of, 290, 291 normal, 294–296

reversed, 295, 306 structure of, 290, 294 surface of, 292, 298

Microbial peroxidase, 576 Microbiology, bioluminescent assay in,

258–259 Microchip, 465, 466, 467

Microcolumn ion-exchange, 334, 343

Microenvironment, 285

Micromachining, 464 Microperoxidase, 436, 437, 450 Microscopy imaging, 477 Miniaturization:

in CE-CL detection, 464–467 of ECL analysis, 242

Mitomycin C, 119

Index

Mixing: chamber, 329 device, 399

Molybdenum(III),(VI), 58, 128, 130, 131, 134

Monomer, 287

Morphine, 117 Multipinned phase, 97

Multicomponent chemiluminescence, 200, 202, 206

Multienzymatic channeling reaction, 556

NAD(P)H:FMN oxido reductase, 261– 262

NADH, 29, 261–262, 576

CL sensor for, 579–580, 585

ECL determination of, 222, 225, 233, 238–239

oxidase, 577 Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde, 412,

415 Naphthalic acid, 115 Naturopathy, 525

NBD-F (see 4-Fluoro-7-nitrobenzodia- zole)

Neocarzinostatin, 119 Nerve gases, 377, 379 Neural network, 204, 205 Neurotransmitters, 452

Nickel(II), 129, 132, 135, 136, 228 Nicotine, ECL determination of, 222 Nitrate, 134, 136

Nitric oxide, 23, 58, 136, 386 air sensors for, 570–571

in atmospheric chemistry, 350, 384–386

in gas chromatography, 381–383 with O-atoms, 360–361, 387 with ozone, 352–355

Nitrite, 134, 136 Nitroaromatics, 381–382 Nitrogen:

atoms, 363–364 dioxide, 129

selective detector, 375, 381–382

Index

Nitrosamine, 58, 163

N-Nitroso compounds, 381–382 Noise, 86, 94–95

fixed pattern, 94, 96–97 readout, in CCD, 94, 98–99

Nondestructive readout, 98–99 Nonmetal compounds, 126 Norepinephrine, 299

NOx box, 384–385 Noxious factors, 518 NOy, 384–385

Nucleic acid assays, bioluminescent, 257–258

Obelia longissima, 274 Obelin, 274 Obstetrics, 525 n-Octylamine, 452

ODI (see 1,1′-oxalyldiimidazole) Off-column, CL detection in CE,

463 Oil, 501, 526

Olefins (see Hydrocarbons) Oligomer fluoropolyol, 571 Oncology, 525

OPA (see o-phthaldialdehyde) Optical:

fiber, 569, 573, 579, 586 sensors, 568

Optrode, 569 Ores, 132 Organic:

acids, ECL determination of, 218 nitrates, 570

Organisms, genetically modified, 260, 263, 266, 270, 274

Organized media, 285, 286, 308 Organometallic compounds (see Metal,

Metalloids)

Organonitrogen compounds, 386 (see also N-nitroso compounds, Nitroaromatics, NOy)

with ozone, 381–382, 384–385 with sodium atoms, 373

Organophosphorous compounds, CL sensors for, 578

615

Organosulfur compounds, 351, 386 (see also Dimethyl sulfide)

with chlorine dioxide, 373–374 detection by FPD, 376–378 detection by RCD, 382

with fluorine and F-atoms, 366, 370– 372, 378

with ozone, 356–357, 379 with sodium atoms, 373

Oscillation reactions, 176, 197, 199 Osmium(VIII), 129, 132

Ouabain, 166 Oxalate:

CL sensor for, 579, 584–585

ECL determination of, 218–219, 222, 233

esters, 110 Oxalic acid:

derivatives, 18, 142–145 determination of, 145, 166

Oxaloacetate, 581

Oxalyl chloride, 110, 141, 147, 165

1,1′-Oxalyldiimidazole, 151–152, 156, 158, 163, 411, 416

2,2′-Oxalyl-bis[(trifluoromethanesulfo- nyl)imino]ethylene-bis(N-methyl- pyridinium) trifluoromethanesulfonate, 143

4,4′-{Oxalyl bis[(trifluoromethylsulfo- nyl)imino]ethylene}bis(4-meth- ylmorpholinium) trifluoromethanesulfonate, 143

3,3′-Oxalyl-bis[(trifluoromethyl- sulfonyl)imino]trimethylene-bis (N-methylmorpholinium) trifluoromethanesulfonate, 144

4,4′-{Oxalyl-bis[(trifluoromethyl- sulfonyl)imino]trimethylene} bis (4-methylmorpholinium) trifluoromethanesulfonate, 308, 417

Oxamide, 19, 110

Oxazine, 1, 417

Oxidases, 156–159, 403, 576, 579 Oxidation resistance, 521