Chemiluminescence in Analytical Chemistry

ABAP (see 2,2′-Azo-bis(2-amidinopro- pane) dihydrochloride)

ABCP (see 2,2′-Azo-bis(2-cyanopro- pane))

ABEI (see N-(4-Aminobutyl)-N-ethyliso- luminol)

Absorbance-based sensors, 568 Absorption isotherms, ECL determina-

tion of, 243

ABTS (see 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylben- zothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid))

Acepromazine, 164

Acetaminophen, 117 Acetone, 573

Acetylcholine, 158, 159, 577, 581 Acetylcholinesterase, 158, 159

enzyme reactor, 577, 578, 581 inhibitors of, 484

localization of, 488 Acridan derivatives, 105, 113 Acridan esters, 530, 531

enhanced CL, 535–536 GZ-11, 538, 541–542 oxidation of, 531, 538 synthesis of, 545

Acridines, 105, 112, 113

Acridinium ester, 58, 59 CE-CL detection of, 437, 444 detection in ECL, 228

in DNA analysis, 553, 561 HPLC-CL detection of, 396

as label in immunoassay, 28, 530 Acridinium NHS, 446

Acridinium tagging reaction, 446 Active nitrogen, 375, 386

atmospheric pressure active nitrogen detector, 383–384

with hydrocarbons, 363, 365–366, 383–384

metastable transfer emission spectroscopy, 383–384

with other atoms, 365, 383–384 Acylhydrazides, 108 (see also Luminol) Adenine, 420

ADP, determination of, 258

Aequorea victoria, 271 Aequorin, 271

as a label, 272 recombinant, 272

Aesculin, 4, 14 Affinity membrane, 574

Aggregation number, 293

602

β-Agonists, 484, 543 (see also Clenbuterol)

Alanine, 581 aminotransferase, 577, 581

Alcohol:

dehydrogenase, 580, 581 determination of, 581 primary, determination of, 585

Aldehyde oxidase, 157 Aldehydes, 106

aliphatic, 119 determination of, 157, 163

Alizarine violet, 129 Alkaline phosphatase:

chemiluminescent substrates for, 479–480, 552, 556

as label, 479 localization of, 487–488

Alkanes (see Hydrocarbons)

Alkenes (see Hydrocarbons) Alkylamine, 584, 585 Alkyltrimethylammonium, 296 Alkynes (see Hydrocarbons) Allergies, 518

Aluminum(III), 127 Amines:

aliphatic, ultraweak CL, 119 CE-CL detection of, 437, 438, 441,

445, 452 derivatization of, 162

determination of, 28, 58, 145, 162, 165, 179

determination using CAR technique, 193–195

ECL determination of, 219–225 HPLC-CL detection of, 406, 412 pH dependence of ECL reaction,

220–221

structure-activity relationships, 221, 225 Amino acid oxidase, 157–158

Amino acids:

CE-CL detection of, 436, 449, 452–454

CL sensors for, 576–577 derivatization of, 162

determination of, 58, 157–158, 161, 307

Index

[Amino acids]

ECL determination of, 222, 225 HPLC-CL determination of, 30, 406,

412, 419–420 structure-activity relationships, 225 ultraweak CL, 119

9-Aminoanthracene, 115 N-(4-Aminobutyl)-N-ethylisoluminol,

15, 405, 406, 407

in CE-CL detection, 437, 448, 449, 451, 452, 468

in HPLC-CL detection, 407 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-

phthalazinedione (see Luminol) 3-Aminofluoranthene, 157, 158, 163,

165

6-Aminomethylphthalhydrazide, 408,

409

3-Aminoperylene, 162

3-Aminophthalate, 108

2-Aminophthalic acid, 300 Aminophthalic dianion, 301 Aminopyrenes, 411 Ammonia-containing sensors, 572 Ammonium ion, determination of, 583 AMP, determination of, 258

AMPPD (see 3-(2′-Spiroadamantane)- 4-methoxy-4-(3″-phos- phoryloxy)phenyl-1, 2-dioxetane)

Amphetamines, 406, 412

AMVN (see 2,2′-Azo-bis(2,4-dimethyl- valeronitrile))

Analyte pulse perturbation, 182, 197, 198

Anesthesiology, 525 8-Aniline-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid,

305, 308

Anions, determination of, 134 Anthracene derivatives, 14, 105, 112,

115, 129 Antibiotics:

ECL determination of, 222 structures of, 224

Antibody, 531, 586, 587 Antidigoxigenin antibody, 555, 559

Index

Antigen, 531, 586, 587 Antihistamines:

ECL determination of, 222 structures of, 224

Antimony compounds, 359, 375, 377 Antioxidant, 498, 501, 504–506, 508,

510–516, 518, 520, 522, 525 activity, measurement of, 484 assay of, 500

in blood, 499, 510, 515

capacity, 506, 507, 515, 518, 521 defense, 516

detection of, 501

ECL determination of, 223, 228 endogenous, 518, 519 homeostasis, 511

influx, 498

lipid-soluble, 506, 513, 519 nonenzymatic, 504, 505 property, 499, 516, 520 status, 502, 518

substance, 524 sum of, 519

supplementation, 518 synthetic, 512 therapy, 497, 518 vitamins, 499 water-soluble, 506 wine-derived, 521, 522

Antioxidative: capacity, 499, 506 compounds, 498, 499 effect, 501 effectiveness, 523 efficacy, 499 enzymes, 498

homeostasis, 498, 510, 518, 525 protection, 498, 512, 523 quality, 522

state, 498, 499 system, 498 vitamin, 525

Antioxidizability, 497–505, 525 Antiradical, 505, 523, 526

capacity, 511, 512, 515, 516, 525 efficacy, 510

603

Arachidonic acid metabolite, 413 Aromatic cyclic peroxides, decomposi-

tion of, 16 Aroyl peroxides, 105

Arsenic(III),(V), 129, 130, 131, 134 compounds, 359, 375, 377

Art, bioluminescence in, 259 Aryloxalates, 29, 395, 396 (see also

Peroxyoxalates)

Ascorbic acid, 58, 128, 219, 222, 297, 583 (see also Vitamin C)

Asthma, 518 Atherosclerosis, 518 Atomic spectrometry, 304 ATP, 26, 29, 251, 255

bioluminescent localization of, 484 CE-CL detection of, 438, 464 extraction methods of, 255

as indicator of biological contamination, 258

Atrazine:

ECL determination of, 223, 241 enzyme immunoassay, 541

Atropine, ECL determination of, 222 Automation, 180–182

Autoxidation, 501

Avalanche photodiodes, 86, 100 Avidin, 555

2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid), 502

2,2′-Azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, 502

2,2′-Azo-bis(2-cyanopropane), 502 2,2′-Azo-bis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile),

502

B19 parvovirus, 483, 491 Bacteria:

bioluminescent determination of, 258–259

Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, Bacillus anthrax, ECL determination of, 223, 240

luminescent, 261–263, 266 marine, 261

Bacterial luciferase, 29, 580, 581

604

Barban, ECL determination of, 217, 223 (see also Pesticides)

Barium peroxide, 468

Batch CL sensing system, 569 Beer, 498, 526

Benzene, ECL determination of, 223 Benzophenone, 216

Benzothiazoles, 112

Benzoxazoles, 112

Benzydamine, 411

Betamethasone, 117

BHT (see 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4- methylphenol)

Bicarbonate, ECL determination of, 238 Bienzyme sensors, 574

Bilirubin, 499, 506, 511, 513, 516 Binning, 95

Biogenic compounds, 354, 385–386 Biological reductants, 297, 306 Bioluminescence, 11, 247–248, 530

bacterial, 261 application of, 262 reaction of, 261

firefly, 251, 255–261 marine bacteria, 261 principles of, 43

wavelength of, 250, 251, 262 Biosensor, 267, 274, 570, 574, 580 Biotin:

determination of, 28

as probe in DNA analysis, 555 β-Blockers

ECL determination of, 222 structures of, 224

Blood, 126 cells, 257 damage, 525

Blooming, 97 Bolonian stone, 3, 6 Bradykinin, 162 Brain edema, 515

Bromine, 127, 129, 134 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl, 553 Bromopyrogallol Red, 439 N-Bromosuccimide, 300 Buprenorphine hydrochloride, 117

Index

Butanol, 573

Cis-2-Butene, 358

Butyric acid, 573

Cadaverine, 158 Cadmium(II), 58, 127 Calcium, ions, 271, 274 Cancer, 257, 516–518 Capillary electrophoresis:

characteristics of, 429–434

CL detection in, 59, 133, 135, 181– 182, 200, 434–464

ECL detection in, 236–238 micromachining techniques, 464–467

Carbamate, 578 Carbon dioxide, 572 Carboxylic acids:

derivatization of, 162 determination of, 58, 162

Cardiac infarction, 525 Carpipramine dihydrochloride, 119 β-Caseine, 447

Catalase, 155, 166 Cataluminescence, 573 Catalysis, 126 Catalysts, 44, 45, 47

determination of, 48, 126 optimization of, 403

Catechol, 438, 457, 463 Catecholamines, 30, 58, 299, 300, 305

CE-CL detection of, 437, 457, 462, 463

HPLC-CL detection of, 412, 413, 415

Cathodic luminescence, 228–229 CCD, 57

back-illuminated, 95, 99 chip, 89, 91

cooled cameras, 95, 101, 556, 563 dark current, 95–97, 98 intensified, 88

noise, 95–97 performance, 91–95, 98

CE (see Capillary electrophoresis) Cephalothin sodium, 118 Ceramic substrate, 573

Index

Cerium (IV), 58, 186, 457

as oxidant, 31, 117, 323, 336, 403, 421

in titrations, 25–26 Cetylethyldimethylammonium bromide,

297, 303, 304

Charge coupled device (see CCD) Charge injection device (see CID) Chemical band narrowing, 448 Chemically initiated electron exchange

luminescence, 21, 22, 115, 154 Chemiluminescence, 3, 12–13, 68,

79–81

as analytical technique, 47–48, 180 cofactors, 44

detection in capillary electrophoresis, 59, 427–469

detection in DNA analysis, 30–31, 551–565

detection in flow injection analysis, 28–29, 50–54, 59, 321–345

detection in gas phase, 22–24, 54, 59, 60, 351–387

detection in HPLC, 29–30, 59, 393–422

detection in immunoassay, 27–28, 59, 529–547

detection in liquid phase, 22, 53, 54, 59

detection in solid phase, 57–59 detector for, 54–57 enhancement in organized media,

285–317

general applications, 22–33, 57–60 influencing factors in, 47 instrumentation for (see also instru-

ments), 16, 49–57, 83–103 kinetics in, 77–79, 175–207 photophysical considerations in, 70–

72

precursors of, 46, 47 principles of, 43, 473–476 quantification of, 85 reaction parameters, 76–77

reaction types in, 44, 76, 80, 124 requirements in, 45–47, 68–70

605

[Chemiluminescence]

structural and environmental considerations in, 72

in titrations, 24–26

type I (see Direct chemiluminescence)

type II (see Indirect chemiluminescence)

Chemiluminescent imaging: CCDs in, 477

enzyme localization, 487–488 filter membranes, 483 immunohistochemistry, 488–490 in-situ hybridization, 490–492

instrumentation for, 87–88, 99–102, 477–479

irregular surfaces, 484–485 microtiter plates, 483–484

quartz microbalance electrodes, 485– 486

reagents for, 479–482 Chemiluminogenic signal reagent for

HRP, 535

Chemiluminometer, 504, 506 (see also Luminometer)

Chloride, 127, 134, 572

Chlorine, 127, 129, 580 dioxide, 354, 372

with halocarbons, 373

with sulfur compounds, 373–374, 376, 386

1,2-Bis(3-chlorophenyl) ethylenediamine, 413

Cholesterol, 158, 239, 580, 581 oxidase, 158, 580, 581

Cholic acid, 406

Choline, 30, 158, 159, 577, 581 oxidase, 158, 159, 577, 578, 581

Chromium(II), as reducer, 128 Chromium(III), 58, 125, 129, 133–134

as catalyst, 126, 186

Chromium(VI), 130, 131, 133–134, 136 CID, 98–99

CIEEL (see Chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence)

Citric acid, 301