Tree composition

Seventeen species of tree were recorded in the 18 forest stands (Table 2). Fagus sylvatica was of overwhelming ecological significance and not only occurred in all stands but was also the undisputed dominant in every one. In three it did not share measured importance with any other tree species. In an additional five stands it accounted for more than 80% of tree importance. In another five it contributed more than 65% of importance and in the remaining five forests it had importance between 107 and 192 (36-64%). These forests are not only strongly deciduous in nature but this life form aspect is largely contributed by a single species. Abies alba could be considered a secondary dominant but it has con­stancy (per cent presence) of only 72% and in no forest did it attain importance of 100. Importance actually varied between 1 and 95 and in more than half of the stands import­ance was 50 or less. Perhaps 60% of the forests could be described as deciduous-conife-rous or mixed. The only other tree species of consistent occurrence (constancy 94) was Acer pseudoplatanus, but it had measured importance in less than 40% of stands, and was only observed as present in the others. It had highest importance contribution in those stands which had lower importance of Fagus, and thus augmented the dominance of de­ciduous species. Two species had constancy greater than 50, Fraxinus excelsior and Sor­

P. F. Maycock et al: Mesic Old Growth Carpathian Deciduous Forests Table 3. Mesic Old Growth Deciduous Forests: Eastern Europe. Analysis of vascular life forms.

Abbreviation	Life form	Per cent Eastern Europe	Ontario
utc	upper canopy tree	8	9
sct	sub canopy tree	1	2
lct	lower canopy tree	-	1
tsa	tall sapling	7	6
tse	tree seedling	8	5
wlt	woody liana tall	1	1
wlm	woody liana medium	1	2
ts	tall shrub	6	6
ms	medium shrub	3	3
ls	low shrub	-	2
th	tall herb	7	7
mh	medium herb	22	19
ln	low herb	18	16
Ihc	low herbaceous climber	-	1
tg	tall graminoid	3	1
mg	medium graminoid	5	10
lg	low graminoid	2	1
tf	tall fern	1	1
mf	medium fern	3	4
lf	low fern	3	2
lze	low club moss	1	1
mxe	medium horsetail	-	1
lxe	low horsetail	-	1
mp	medium parasite	1	-
lp lsa	low parasite low saprophyte	-1	1 1

bus aucuparia. Fraxinus had measured importance in just three stands, only strongly in one, and Sorbus was occasionally observed as a small tree in a number of the stands but was only included in the quantitative sample as a sapling in only three (17%). In the others it was found as seedlings.

Two trees were found with constancy greater than 30, Picea excelsa and Acer plata­noides. Picea had highest importance of 32 and in two other stands importance near 20. Acer platanoides had maximum importance of 27 and in two other stands 11 and 13. Carpinus betulus, Tilia cordata, Ulmus montana and Primus avium had constancy near

20. Carpinus had higher values in two stands in which Tilia had modest importance. Ulmus montana had low importance of only 11 in one of these stands and Prunus avium which was only ever present and on just a single occasion as a tree, was also found in these stands. Quercus petraea, Acer campestre and Ulmus carpinifolia, all occurred in a single stand (constancy 5), and all had their highest importance in one of these same

Fragm. Flor. Geobot. Ann. 45, Pars 1-2, 2000

stands, the Boky Reserve, in north central Slovakia. The other trees, Ulmus laevis (con­stancy 11, highest importance 19), Populus tremula (5-1) and Betula pendula (5-7), were minor constituents of stands.

To summarize tree composition in these forests; the total number is not high for a large sample of stands extending over a considerable geographical area; most stands are strongly dominated by Fagus sylvatica and only Abies alba can be considered a secondary dominant; of all of the other species, only two attain relatively high import­ance (over 80) in two stands; all the others have only modest importance (over 20) in relatively few stands and this occurs mainly in communities where Fagus has lower importance (below 200).

These forests are composed predominantly of deciduous trees. Conifers comprise only 13% of total importance of all stands whereas 87% is contributed by deciduous tree life forms. There is no constant intermixing of these forms so these forests could not really be considered as deciduous-coniferous types.