Grammar_manual

and

magazines in the shop /какие-то книги и журналы, неизвестные собеседнику или читателю/. Once there were

big trees opposite this house /деревья, впервые упомянутые/. Our University trains teachers of many subjects

/речь идет о нескольких лицах из ряда однотипных/;

б) перед существительными, обозначающими вещество: I like fish soup. This table is made of wood.

Примечание. На смену нулевому артиклю в таком случае часто приходят местоимения some для

утвердительных предложений и any для отрицательных и вопросительных. Смысл фразы с местоимением и без него разный: Is there any sugar in the bowl? - "Есть ли еще сахар в сахарнице"? Is there sugar in the bowl? - "В сахарнице - сахар?/а не что-то другое/";

в) с существительными, обозначающими отвлеченные понятия в широком понимании:

Time is

precious, but truth is more precious than time;

г) после отрицания nо с любыми существительными в любой форме. No red rose in all my garden;

д) перед словами father, mother, uncle, aunt, granny когда в семейном обиходе о старших говорят в

третьем лице, употребляя эти слова вместо имени, - Mother is late;

с) когда существительные служат обращением, например: Pedestrians! Pay attention to traffic lights. Boy, never do it again!

Упражнение 2. Укажите значение артиклей в следующих предложениях:

1. Her face was full of charm. 2. She mixed hot water and soda. 3. I passed her a block of milk chocolate, 4. Dogs

do not like cats. 5. There was an island with two trees on the lake and the trees looked like double sails of a

fishing-boat. 6. He looked at the cars moving below and the clear starry sky. 7. The sun was nearly down. 8. The

snow was blowing so that we could hardly see. 9. There was love between him and the child. 10. Tell Mother all!

11. The mother and the child leaned on the rail of the old sheep-bridge, watching. 12. She read more poems, but

did not like them. 13. You come along too, doctor. 14. The tiger is a rare animal in this country. 15. You can rely

on the heads of these gentlemen.

Article with the Names of Seasons Exercise 1. Use an indefinite article where necessary.

NOTE: Names of seasons are used without articles if they show a certain time of the year: e.g. It was spring.

The indefinite article is used when these nouns are modified by a descriptive attribute: e.g. It was a cold spring.

1. I like ... autumn. 2. It was ... warm autumn. 3. In ... summer I live in the country. 4. In ... spring the sky is blue and cloudless. 5. ... spring is the season when nature returns to life. 6. It was ... hot summer. 7. In ...

autumn the

leaves turn yellow and reddish and fall to the ground. 8. A spell of sunny weather in October is called ...

Indian Summer. 9. ... autumn is the season of mist, of windy and rainy days. 10. It was ... frosty winter.

Exercise 2. Use the proper article.

NOTE: The definite article is used when names of seasons are modified by a particularizing attribute or when the

situation makes the nouns definite: e.g. It happened in the winter of 1943.

1. ... winter was frosty. 2. In ... spring of 1907 I was living in a little cottage in the country. 3. "We had ...

good

winter. Never had so many fine cold days before," said Tom. 4. The English often grumble about the weather

in ...

winter. 5. ... summer of 1980 was very rainy. 6. It seldom gets unbearably hot in ... summer. 7. In England ...

winter

is not so cold as in Europe. 8. Do you stay in town or do you go to the country in ... summer? 9. Does it often

drizzle in ... autumn? 10. ... winter was unusually cold.

Exercise 3. Use the proper article.

NOTE: When names of seasons are modified by the adjectives early or late, no articles are used: e.g. It was early

spring.

1. In ... summer of 1960 we left Kalinin for Kiev. 2. In the North ... winters are harder. 3. My favourite season is

... spring, 4. We don't like ... late autumn. 5. We had ... early winter that year. 6. What indicates the approach of...

spring? 7. What was the weather like in ... winter of 1979? 8. It was ... cold winter. 9. ... autumn is a rainy season

and the weather is mostly dull. 10. ... winter has set in at last. 11. It was … lovely autumn. 12. "1 wrote that book in ... spring of 1939," said Hilary.

Article with the Names of Meals

Exercise 1. Use an indefinite article where necessary.

NOTE: Names of meals are used without articles: e.g. When did you have breakfast?

The indefinite article is used if the name of a meal is modified by a descriptive attribute: e.g.

After a hearty breakfast they went for a walk.

1. When did you have ... supper? 2. Is ... breakfast ready? 3. Mother is cooking ... breakfast. 4. It was ...

cold lunch. 5. After ... breakfast I usually wash up. 6. Ann was gone when he came to ... dinner. 7. At two o'clock he likes to have ... good hot dinner. 8. There's no one coming for ... supper. 9. She ordered ...

excellent lunch. 10. I shall be back about... tea time.

Exercise 2. Use the proper article.

NOTE: The definite article is used when the nouns are modified by a particularizing attribute or when the situation

makes them definite: e.g. The dinner was a success. The breakfast we had today was very tasty.

1. I must go and look at ... dinner. 2. When I got back ... breakfast was already on the table. 3. At the end of ...

meal we were served with coffee. 4. Mary was putting ... supper on a tray to take in into the dining -room. 5. ...

dinner was to take place in the master's dining-room. 6. ... supper we had today could hardly be called ...

meal. It

was ... cup of ... tea with ... bread and ... butter. 7. ... dinner is delicious. 8. "... lunch is nice!" said Clare, eating ...

sugar at the bottom of her coffee cup, 9. ... day of... dinner has come.

Exercise 3. Use the proper article.

1. "Won't you both stay to ... dinner?" suggested Sally. 2. ... table was laid out for ... tea. 3. A young man, from his appearance perhaps a clerk, was eating ... modest dinner at Chan's side. 4. The maids told me he hadn't been in to ... breakfast or lunch. 5. When he had gone, Chan and Eden ate ... cold lunch in the cook-house. 6. Put... supper on a tray and take it into my study. 7. After ... lunch they went across the garden to the music room. 8. ... dinner was to take place at one o'clock. 9. "Thank you," he said, "for ... very pleasant lunch". 10. "I must be off," he said. "I'll be back for ... supper". 11. "You are coming to ... dinner with me as arranged," said Feilding. 12. Good-bye, and don't forget to get yourself... good dinner. 13. After ... tea the others went to bathe.

Article with Geographical Names

Exercise 1. Use the article where necessary.

NOTE: Geographical names like all the other proper nouns are used without articles: e.g. England, France, Moscow, London, North America, Central Asia.

Cf. The Soviet Union, the United States, the Ukraine, the Crimea, the Caucasus.

1. ... Great Britain owes much to the seas. 2. ... England imports about 40 per cent of its food supply. 3. The

territories of ... Soviet Union lie both in ... Europe and ... Asia. 4. What is the capital of ... Cuba? 5. ...

Budapest is a beautiful city. 6. When were you in ... Crimea? 7. Which oceans wash ... United States of

America? 8. Is ... Ireland an island or a continent? 9. What are the highest mountains in ... Europe? 10. ...

Prague is the capital of... Czechoslovakia.

Exercise 2. Use the article where necessary.

NOTE: Use the definite article with the names of seas, oceans, rivers, lakes, mountain chains, channels and canals, deserts and the four cardinal points.

Names of lakes do not take the article if the word 'lake' is used: cf. The Ontario but lake Ontario.

1. ... Ural Mountains divide ... Europe and Asiatic sections. 2. ... Asiatic section includes ... Siberia and

... Soviet republics of... Central Asia. 3. ... Great Britain includes ... England, ... Scotland and ... Wales. 4. ...

Thames flows into ... North Sea. 5. ... Volga-Don Canal connects ... Black Sea, ... Azov Sea, ... Caspian Sea,

... White Sea. 6. Show me ... English Channel on the map, please. 7. ... Lake District is known for its beauty. 8. Have you ever been to ... Baikal? 10. There are low mountains in ... north and in ... west of... British Isles.

Articles with the Nouns Denoting Parts of the Day Exercise 1. Use the indefinite article where necessary.

NOTE: The nouns day, night, morning are used without articles:

a)if 'day' and 'morning' mean 'light' and 'night' and 'evening' mean 'darkness', or if they denote a certain part of the day: e.g. Day is meant for work, night for sleep;

b)in the expressions 'by day', 'at night', 'from morning till night': e.g. It is easier to work by day than at night.

The indefinite article is used when the noun is modified by a descriptive attribute. E.g. I spent a sleepless

night.

1. It was ... very clear warm evening. 2. It wasn't ... night yet but the blinds were down in the dining-room. 3. I came to Warley on ... wet September morning, 4. The main entrance was open ... all night. 5. I looked at my watch. It was after ... midnight. 6. What ... lovely morning! 7. It was impossible to stay at home on such

... fine morning. 8. At ... night they went into the street to see the illumination. 9. He worked from ... morning till ... night. 10. "... warm night," said the voice at my side.

Exercise 2. Use the proper article.

NOTE: The definite article is used when the nouns denoting parts of the day are modified by a particularizing attribute or when the situation makes them definite: e.g. The morning was warm and sunny.

The definite article is also used in the expressions: 'in the morning', 'in the afternoon', 'in the evening', 'in the night', e.g. In the evening we often talk about the events of the day.

1. In ... evening we went to the cinema. 2. Duncan spent ... evening alone. 3. Then ... day came when I had to go back to school 4. ... night was still dark. 5. ... day was superb. 6. Мог had never seen the rose-garden by

... night. 7. We travelled by ... day and stayed at hotels every night. 8. Then she began to wake up in ... night and speculate about what Bill was doing. 9. It was ... sunny evening with a tang of autumn about it. 10. And ...

night, cold, dark, still - no cars were passing now - kept him company.

Exercise 3. Use the proper article.

NOTE: When the nouns morning and evening are modified by the adjectives 'early' and 'late', no articles are used because these adjectives do not describe the morning or night, but only show the time, e.g. It was early morning when they came back home.

1. He turned in bed and looked towards the window. It was ... early morning. 2. It was ... horrible day, dark and cold. 3. It was on ... day after this that Dinny received a note. 4. It's been ... wonderful evening for me, 5. It was ... late evening when he arrived at the house in South Halkin street and rang the bell. 6. "What... lovely evening," she said. 7. ... evening approached by the time they met. 8. It was ... cold evening with a hint of frost in the air. 9. She made beds and washed up the breakfast things in ... morning. 10. ... morning passed quickly.

Articles with Nouns in Apposition Exercise 1. Use the indefinite article where necessary.

NOTE: Use the indefinite article in the speaker states that the object expressed by the noun in apposition belongs to a certain class: e.g. I want to introduce you to comrade B., a great friend of mine.

In the plural no article is used: e.g. I want to introduce you to comrade Б. and D., great friends of mine.

1. This is my friend Anthony Brewster, ... Englishman. 2. At the end he gave me a smile, ... youthful and innocent smile, 3. I lay quite silent, watching his face, ... strong and noble face, proud and yet at the moment tender. 4. He had opened another door, ... small door in the side wall. 5. The school, ... grey Gothic building, now showed as a fortress of learning. 6. She was seventeen, ... beautiful young creature. 7. Let me introduce you to comrades A. and В, … great friends of mine. 8. Janet and Ann were twins, ... pretty blooming girls. 9. There was one flower, ... tulip, that grew alone. 10. There was only one picture in the room, ... portrait.

Exercise 2. Use the proper article.

NOTE: The definite article is used before an apposition when it refers to a well -known person or work

of art.

But if the person or the work of art is not widely known the indefinite article is used, e.g. Pushkin, the great Russian poet, died in 1837. "Pericles", a comedy by Shakespeare, is hardly ever staged.

1. "War and Peace" was written by Leo Tolstoy, ... great Russian writer. 2. Tschaikovsky, ... great Russian composer, is known all over the world. 3. Lebedev, ... great physicist, was born in 1866. 4. Newton, ... famous philosopher, was very absent-minded. 5. Griboyedov, ... great Russian dramatist, was killed in 1829. 6. This is Mr. Black, ... very beautiful artist. 7. Oblomov, ... honest and good-hearted man, is lazy. He is pure inertia. 8. Bunin, ...well-known translator of Anglo-American poets, translated many of Byron's, Tennyson's and Longfellow's poems.

Article in Exclamatory Sentences Exercise 1. Use the article where necessary.

NOTE: Use the indefinite article with a class noun (countable) in the singular in an exclamatory sentence beginning with the exclamatory what: "What a cold day!" Compare with interrogative sentences where a noun modified by the attributive pronoun what has no article: "What question did he put you? "

1.What... naughty child this boy is!

2.What ...book are you reading?

3.What ...still, hot, perfect day!

4.What... lovely instrument!

5.What ... pretty room!

6.What... mistake has she made?

7.What... fine morning!

8.What... interesting book it is!

9.What... busy woman she is!

10.What... comfortable car this is!

11.What ...day is it today?

12.What... difficult text it is!

Exercise 2. Use the article where necessary.

NOTE: Don't use the indefinite article before the countables in the plural and uncountables: "What difficult lessons these are!" "What dark hair your son has!"

Article with Proper Nouns 1. Names of persons are used without articles:

Ann looked at Nick and Pete, Kate saw me at the door.

2. Names denoting the whole family are used with the definite article: The Browns are in the dining-

room.

They are having dinner with the Joneses.

3.The indefinite article is used to denote one member of the family: James is also a Brown.

4.Names of person modified by a particularizing attribute are used with the definite article: You are

not

the Andrew Manson I married.

5. Nouns Denoting military ranks and titles as academician, professor, doctor, lord, etc. followed

by

names of persons do not take the article, in such cases only the proper noun is stressed: Professor Petrov

lectures

on the Geography of England. Doctor Strong is in the hospital.

Common nouns denoting professions followed by names of persons are used with the definite article. In this case both nouns are stressed. The painter Gainsborough has left many fine pictures.

6. Nouns expressing relationship not followed by a proper noun and the nouns 'nurse', 'cook', 'baby' do not take the article when used by members of the family: - What's the matter with Father? I'd like to see Mother. Nurse will be back at 10 o'clock.

Also with the nouns expressing relationship followed by names of persons: She turned to Aunt Polly. I saw Uncle James yesterday. If other people's relations are meant, the article is used. The son is as tall as the father.

Article with the Names of Months and Days

As a rule names of months and days are used without articles: May is a spring month. She was born in April. My day off is Friday.

When these nouns are modified by a particularizing attribute the definite article is used: The May of 1949 will always rest in my memory. He came on the Friday when David was born.

Names of days are used with the indefinite article when we mean one of many Mondays, Fridays, etc. Robinson Crusoe found his servant on a Friday.

Names of months are used with the indefinite article when modified by a descriptive attribute: A cold August is a usual thing in our town.

Article with the Names of Hotels, Ships, English and American

Newspapers, Magazines and Clubs

The definite article is used with the names of hotels, ships, etc.: The Astoria, the Morning Star, the Daily World (but Pravda, Figaro). The "Patha" was a local steamer as old as hills. - What was the name of that inn? - The Pig and the Whistle.

Article with the Nouns School. Collage. Bed. Court Prison, Jail. Hospital, Table, Camp, Market

These nouns are used without an article when they are treated as abstract nouns and denote the state or activities associated with these places or the aim they serve. This is usually the case when these nouns are associated with the prepositions at, after, in, to, from: Ann was five when she went to school. She went to bed at 11 o'clock. We were only three at table. Mr. Dorrite was in prison many years. He was sent to prison for debt. He was in jail for having killed a person in a fight.

But when the nouns 'school', 'college', etc. are used in their original concrete meaning and indicate a particular institution, a concrete building or object, they are used with the definite or indefinite article: "Mine is not a nice school," he said suddenly. He was at the head of the table carving the chicken. Her portrait was on the wall beside the bed. His family lived in the prison. It was a college, as he could see by the gateway.

NOTE: The words 'university' and 'institute' always take the article like other singular class nouns:

He'll be back at the University soon.

Article with the Noun 'Town'

The noun 'town' when used with preposition does not take an article:

a) when we mean the nearest town (i f we live in the country or the town we live in): e.g. You cannot

go to

town tomorrow;

b) when the noun 'town' is opposed to the noun 'country': He wax not used to country life, having

spent

twenty years in town.

Otherwise the noun 'town' is used with the definite or indefinite article: / want to go to the town where I was born.

Article with the Names of Languages

Names of languages when they are not followed by the noun language are used without articles: He knows German.

Note the peculiar use of the definite article.

1.It is a translation from the French (the Spanish, etc.)

2.What is the English for "весна"?

The definite article is used if the noun is modified by a particularizing attribute: The English of America differs from the English of England.

When the noun 'language' is mentioned the definite article is used: the English language, the German language.

Memorize the articles in the following set expressions:

Exercise 1. Insert articles where necessary.

1. The maid, looking to right and left, spoke in ... low and hurried voice. 2. He decided that he would not at

... present explain to her who he was. 3. All seemed perfectly at their ease, by no means in ... hurry. 4. Rosa was well aware that she had never taken ... trouble to get to know Annetee. 5. On ... other hand, if he was beaten he took it with complete good humour. 6. It's ... pity to worry her if she has ... talent for uneasiness. 7. They started at ... sunrise, and ... boy I sent with them didn't come back till next day. 8. All of... sudden, his face had become stony. 9. Dear, dear! It seems only ... other day since I took you down to school to Slough. 10. Mr. John could play ... violin. 11. He did not take ... trouble to turn or raise his eyes at ... entry of his visitors. 12. It is ... pleasure to describe her. 13. She burnt like ... fire from ... head to ... boot. 14. Caroline whispered to him in ... low voice ... remarks on ... events of the day. 15. ... woman I fixed my eye on was ...

woman who kept ... house for me at my cottage. 16. He played ... flute. 17. Somebody important must have been arriving from Europe by ... air. 18. It's ... pleasure to see you. 19. Little Hans worked in his garden from

... morning till ... night. 20, Andrew did not know what to say, he was at... lass. 21. At ... glance she realized he had ... fever. 22. He took my towel by ... mistake. 23. Dick would stay in ... patient's room for ... hours. 24. He had been in ... prison for two years when he got the news of his father's death. 25. On ... whole the play is quite interesting.

Exercise 2. Translate into English,

1. Он всегда говорит очень тихо. 2. На днях я встретил лучшую в мире девушку. 3. Она читает с утра до ночи. 4. Мы всегда заставали его за работой. 5. Он даже не потрудился встретить нас на воюале. 6. Мы уже можем читать Диккенса в оригинале. 7. Мой брат очень хорошо играет па скрипке. 8. Вы по ошибке принесли не тот журнал. 9. Такую интересную книгу перечитать - одно удовольствие. 10. Он ложился спать ровно в одиннадцать часов. 1 1 . Он дал разрешение воспользоваться своей машиной. 12. В целом мы хорошо провели время с нашими друзьями. 13. Он пропустил много занятий и в результате завалил зачет. 14. Они не могли позволить себе служанку, Минни приходилось

вести хозяйство самой. 15. Он не мог одолжить мне денег, так как был сам в долгу.

SPELLING RULES

1.i comes before e except after с when the sound is i: e.g. field, pier, siege, belief; but ceiling,

deceive, receipt, conceit.

Exceptions: seize, weird, counterfeit.

2.When you add a suffix to a word ending in y, you change the y_ into i only when a consonant

comes

before the y: e.g. tidy - tidies - tidier - tidiest; but stray - strays - strayed - strayer, lady - ladies, story - stories; but

valley - valleys, essay - essays.

Exception: You keep the y when adding -ing to avoid a double i: e.g. tidy - tidying, fly - flying.

3.Words ending in a single e drop the e when a suffix beginning with a vowel is added; e.g. care -

caring

-cared; but careless - careful; measure – measuringmeasured - measurable; but measurement - measureless.

Exceptions: If a soft с or g comes before the e, the e must be retained to keep the с or g soft: e.g. courage -courageous, replace - replaceable. A few other exceptions are true - truly, due - duly, awe - awful.

4.When you add a suffix beginning with a vowel to a word of one syllable ending in a single consonant

with a single vowel letter before it, you double the consonant letter: e.g. fit -fitting -fitted -fitter -fittest; but

fitness - fitful; star - starry - starred - starring; but starless - starlet. Exception: bus - buses, gas - gases.

5.In words of more than one syllable ending in a single consonant letter with a single vowel letter

before

it, you double the consonant letter only if the last syllable is stressed: e.g. omit - omitting - omitted; but rivet -

rivetingriveted - riveter; prefer - preferring - preferred; but preference - preferable.

6.When you add -ly to words ending in -le, you drop the –le: e.g. gentle - gently, capable - capably.

7.Words ending in с add a k when adding -ed, -ing, -y, -er, in order to keep the с hard: e.g.

picnic -

picnicker, panic - panicky, mimic - mimicked, bivouac - bivouacking.

8.8. A few words ending in double 1, such as full, till, will, all, lose an 1 when used to form compound

words: e.g. full - careful, till - until, well - welcome, allalready.