- •Table of Contents
- •Index
- •Keyword Reference
- •Installation
- •Installation of BASCOM
- •BASCOM IDE
- •Running BASCOM-AVR
- •File New
- •File Close
- •File Save
- •File Save As
- •File Print Preview
- •File Print
- •File Exit
- •View PinOut
- •View PDF viewer
- •View Error Panel
- •Edit Undo
- •Edit Redo
- •Edit Cut
- •Edit Copy
- •Edit Paste
- •Edit Find
- •Edit Find Next
- •Edit Replace
- •Edit Goto
- •Edit Toggle Bookmark
- •Edit Goto Bookmark
- •Edit Indent Block
- •Edit Unindent Block
- •Edit Remark Block
- •Program Compile
- •Program Syntax Check
- •Program Show Result
- •Program Simulate
- •Program Send to Chip
- •Tools Terminal Emulator
- •Tools LCD Designer
- •Tools LIB Manager
- •Tools Graphic Converter
- •Tools Stack Analyzer
- •Tools Plugin Manager
- •Tools Batch Compile
- •Options Compiler
- •Options Compiler Chip
- •Options Compiler Output
- •Options Compiler Communication
- •Options Compiler I2C, SPI, 1WIRE
- •Options Compiler LCD
- •Options Communication
- •Options Environment
- •Options Simulator
- •Options Programmer
- •Supported Programmers
- •ISP programmer
- •PG302 programmer
- •Sample Electronics cable programmer
- •KITSRUS Programmer
- •MCS Universal Interface Programmer
- •STK500 Programmer
- •Lawicel BootLoader
- •AVR ISP Programmer
- •USB-ISP Programmer
- •MCS Bootloader
- •Options Monitor
- •Options Printer
- •Window Cascade
- •Window Tile
- •Window Arrange Icons
- •Window Minimize All
- •Help About
- •Help Index
- •Help MCS Forum
- •Help MCS Shop
- •Help Support
- •Help Knowledge Base
- •Help Credits
- •BASCOM Editor Keys
- •Program Development Order
- •PlugIns
- •Font Editor
- •PinOut
- •BASCOM HARDWARE
- •Additional Hardware
- •AVR Internal Hardware
- •AVR Internal Registers
- •AVR Internal Hardware TIMER0
- •AVR Internal Hardware TIMER1
- •AVR Internal Hardware Watchdog timer
- •AVR Internal Hardware Port B
- •AVR Internal Hardware Port D
- •Adding XRAM
- •Attaching an LCD Display
- •Memory usage
- •Using the 1 WIRE protocol
- •Using the SPI protocol
- •Power Up
- •Chips
- •ATtiny22
- •ATtiny13
- •ATtiny15
- •ATtiny25
- •ATtiny45
- •ATtiny85
- •ATtiny26
- •ATtiny2313
- •ATMEGA8
- •ATMEGA16
- •ATMEGA32
- •ATMEGA48
- •ATMEGA88
- •ATMEGA168
- •ATMEGA64
- •ATMEGA103
- •ATMEGA128
- •ATMEGA161
- •ATMEGA162
- •ATMEGA163
- •ATMEGA165
- •ATMEGA169
- •ATMEGA323
- •ATMEGA603
- •ATMEGA8515
- •ATMEGA8535
- •BASCOM Language Fundamentals
- •Changes compared to BASCOM-8051
- •Language Fundamentals
- •Mixing ASM and BASIC
- •Assembler mnemonics
- •Reserved Words
- •Error Codes
- •Newbie problems
- •Tips and tricks
- •ASCII chart
- •BASCOM Language Reference
- •$BAUD
- •$BAUD1
- •$BOOT
- •$CRYSTAL
- •$DATA
- •$DEFAULT
- •$EEPLEAVE
- •$EEPROM
- •$EEPROMHEX
- •$EXTERNAL
- •$FRAMESIZE
- •$HWSTACK
- •$INCLUDE
- •$INITMICRO
- •$LCDPUTCTRL
- •$LCDPUTDATA
- •$LCDRS
- •$LCDVFO
- •$LOADER
- •$LOADERSIZE
- •$NOCOMP
- •$NOINIT
- •$NORAMCLEAR
- •$PROG
- •$PROGRAMMER
- •$REGFILE
- •$ROMSTART
- •$SERIALINPUT
- •$SERIALINPUT1
- •$SERIALINPUT2LCD
- •$SERIALOUTPUT
- •$SERIALOUTPUT1
- •$SWSTACK
- •$TIMEOUT
- •$TINY
- •$WAITSTATE
- •$XRAMSIZE
- •$XRAMSTART
- •1WIRECOUNT
- •1WRESET
- •1WREAD
- •1WSEARCHFIRST
- •1WSEARCHNEXT
- •1WVERIFY
- •1WWRITE
- •ACOS
- •ALIAS
- •ASIN
- •BASE64DEC
- •BASE64ENC
- •BAUD
- •BAUD1
- •BINVAL
- •BIN2GRAY
- •BITWAIT
- •BITS
- •BLOAD
- •BSAVE
- •BUFSPACE
- •BYVAL
- •CALL
- •CHECKSUM
- •CIRCLE
- •CLEAR
- •CLOCKDIVISION
- •CLOSE
- •CLOSESOCKET
- •CONFIG
- •CONFIG 1WIRE
- •CONFIG ACI
- •CONFIG ADC
- •CONFIG ATEMU
- •CONFIG BCCARD
- •CONFIG CLOCK
- •CONFIG CLOCKDIV
- •CONFIG COM1
- •CONFIG COM2
- •CONFIG COMx
- •CONFIG DATE
- •CONFIG DCF77
- •CONFIG DEBOUNCE
- •CONFIG I2CDELAY
- •CONFIG I2CSLAVE
- •CONFIG INPUT
- •CONFIG INTx
- •CONFIG GRAPHLCD
- •CONFIG KBD
- •CONFIG KEYBOARD
- •CONFIG LCD
- •CONFIG LCDBUS
- •CONFIG LCDMODE
- •CONFIG LCDPIN
- •CONFIG PORT
- •CONFIG PRINT
- •CONFIG PRINTBIN
- •CONFIG PS2EMU
- •CONFIG RC5
- •CONFIG SDA
- •CONFIG SCL
- •CONFIG SERIALIN
- •CONFIG SERIALIN1
- •CONFIG SERIALOUT
- •CONFIG SERIALOUT1
- •CONFIG SINGLE
- •CONFIG SPI
- •CONFIG SERVOS
- •CONFIG TCPIP
- •CONFIG TIMER0
- •CONFIG TIMER1
- •CONFIG TIMER2
- •CONFIG TWI
- •CONFIG TWISLAVE
- •CONFIG WAITSUART
- •CONFIG WATCHDOG
- •CONFIG X10
- •CONFIG XRAM
- •CONST
- •COSH
- •COUNTER0 and COUNTER1
- •CPEEK
- •CPEEKH
- •CRYSTAL
- •CURSOR
- •DATA
- •DAYOFWEEK
- •DAYOFYEAR
- •DATE$
- •DATE
- •DEBUG
- •DEBOUNCE
- •DECR
- •DECLARE FUNCTION
- •DECLARE SUB
- •DEFxxx
- •DEFLCDCHAR
- •DELAY
- •DISABLE
- •DISKFREE
- •DISKSIZE
- •DISPLAY
- •DO-LOOP
- •DriveCheck
- •DriveGetIdentity
- •DriveInit
- •DriveReset
- •DriveReadSector
- •DriveWriteSector
- •DTMFOUT
- •ECHO
- •ELSE
- •ENABLE
- •ENCODER
- •EXIT
- •FILEATTR
- •FILEDATE
- •FILEDATETIME
- •FILELEN
- •FILETIME
- •FLUSH
- •FORMAT
- •FOR-NEXT
- •FOURTHLINE
- •FRAC
- •FREEFILE
- •FUSING
- •GETADC
- •GETATKBD
- •GETATKBDRAW
- •GETDSTIP
- •GETDSTPORT
- •GETKBD
- •GETRC
- •GETRC5
- •GETTCPREGS
- •GETSOCKET
- •GLCDCMD
- •GLCDDATA
- •GOSUB
- •GOTO
- •GRAY2BIN
- •HEXVAL
- •HIGH
- •HIGHW
- •HOME
- •I2CINIT
- •I2CRECEIVE
- •I2CSEND
- •I2START,I2CSTOP, I2CRBYTE, I2CWBYTE
- •IDLE
- •IF-THEN-ELSE-END IF
- •INCR
- •INITFILESYSTEM
- •INITLCD
- •INKEY
- •INPUTBIN
- •INPUTHEX
- •INPUT
- •INSTR
- •ISCHARWAITING
- •KILL
- •LCASE
- •LCDAT
- •LCDCONTRAST
- •LEFT
- •LINE
- •LINE INPUT
- •LTRIM
- •LOAD
- •LOADADR
- •LOADLABEL
- •LOADWORDADR
- •LOCAL
- •LOCATE
- •LOOKDOWN
- •LOOKUP
- •LOOKUPSTR
- •LOWERLINE
- •MAKEBCD
- •MAKEINT
- •MAKEDEC
- •MAKETCP
- •MEMCOPY
- •NBITS
- •ON INTERRUPT
- •ON VALUE
- •OPEN
- •PEEK
- •POKE
- •POPALL
- •POWER
- •POWERDOWN
- •POWERSAVE
- •PRINTBIN
- •PSET
- •PS2MOUSEXY
- •PULSEIN
- •PULSEOUT
- •PUSHALL
- •RC5SEND
- •RC5SENDEXT
- •RC6SEND
- •READ
- •READEEPROM
- •READMAGCARD
- •RESET
- •RESTORE
- •RETURN
- •RIGHT
- •ROTATE
- •ROUND
- •RTRIM
- •SECELAPSED
- •SECOFDAY
- •SEEK
- •SELECT-CASE-END SELECT
- •SETFONT
- •SETTCP
- •SETTCPREGS
- •SENDSCAN
- •SENDSCANKBD
- •SERIN
- •SEROUT
- •SETIPPROTOCOL
- •SHIFT
- •SHIFTCURSOR
- •SHIFTIN
- •SHIFTOUT
- •SHIFTLCD
- •SHOWPIC
- •SHOWPICE
- •SINH
- •SOCKETCONNECT
- •SOCKETLISTEN
- •SOCKETSTAT
- •SONYSEND
- •SOUND
- •SPACE
- •SPIIN
- •SPIINIT
- •SPIMOVE
- •SPIOUT
- •SPLIT
- •START
- •STCHECK
- •STOP
- •STRING
- •SYSSEC
- •SYSSECELAPSED
- •SYSDAY
- •SWAP
- •TCPCHECKSUM
- •TCPREAD
- •TCPWRITE
- •TCPWRITESTR
- •TANH
- •THIRDLINE
- •TIME$
- •TIME
- •TOGGLE
- •TRIM
- •UCASE
- •UDPREAD
- •UDPWRITE
- •UDPWRITESTR
- •UPPERLINE
- •VARPTR
- •VERSION
- •WAIT
- •WAITKEY
- •WAITMS
- •WAITUS
- •WHILE-WEND
- •WRITE
- •WRITEEEPROM
- •X10DETECT
- •X10SEND
- •#IF ELSE ENDIF
- •International Resellers
- •International Resellers
- •ASM Libraries
- •EXTENDED I2C
- •MCSBYTE
- •MCSBYTEINT
- •TCPIP
- •LCD4BUSY
- •GLCD
- •GLCDSED
- •LCD-EPSON
- •AVR-DOS File System
- •CF Card
- •Compact FlashCard Driver
- •Elektor CF-Interface
- •XRAM CF-Interface for simulation
- •New CF-Card Drivers
- •Floating Point
- •FP_TRIG
- •DOUBLE
- •I2C SLAVE
- •I2CSLAVE
- •I2C TWI Slave
- •SPISLAVE
- •DATE TIME
- •EUROTIMEDATE
- •DATETIME
- •PS2-AT Mouse and Keyboard Emulation
- •AT_EMULATOR
- •PS2MOUSE_EMULATOR
- •BCCARD
- •BCCARD
- •BCDEF
- •BCCALL
- •BCRESET
- •Tools
- •LCD RGB-8 Converter
© MCS Electronics, 1995-2007
LTRIM
Action
Returns a copy of a string with leading blanks removed
Syntax
var = LTRIM( org )
Remarks
Var |
String that receives the result. |
Org |
The string to remove the leading spaces from |
|
|
See also
RTRIM , TRIM
ASM
NONE
Partial Example
Dim S As String * 6
S =" AB "
Print Ltrim(s)
Print Rtrim(s)
Print Trim(s)
End
LOAD
Action
Load specified TIMER with a reload value.
Syntax
LOAD TIMER , value
Remarks
TIMER |
TIMER0 , TIMER1 or TIMER2(or valid timer name) |
Value |
The variable or value to load. |
|
|
The TIMER0 does not have a reload mode. But when you want the timer to generate an interrupt after 10 ticks for example, you can use the LOADstatement.
It will do the calculation : (256-value)
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© MCS Electronics, 1995-2007
So LOAD TIMER0, 10 will load the TIMER0 with a value of 246 so that it willoverflow after 10 ticks.
TIMER1 is a 16 bit counter so it will be loaded with the value of 65536-value.
See Also
NONE
Example
NONE
LOADADR
Action
Loads the address of a variable into a register pair.
Syntax
LOADADR var , reg
Remarks
var |
A variable which address must be loaded into the register pair X, Y or |
|
Z. |
reg |
The register X, Y or Z. |
|
|
The LOADADR statement serves as an assembly helper routine.
Example
Dim S As String * 12
Dim A As Byte
$ASM
loadadr S , X ; load address into R26 and R27
ld _temp1, X ; load value of location R26/R27 into R24(_temp1) $END ASM
LOADLABEL
Action
Assigns a word variable with the address of a label.
Syntax
Var = LOADLABEL(label )
Remarks
var 
The variable that is assigned with the address of the label.
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© MCS Electronics, 1995-2007
lbl |
The name of the label |
In some cases you might need to know the address of a point in your program. To perform a Cpeek() for example.
You can place a label at that point and use LoadLabel to assign the address of the label to a variable.
LOADWORDADR
Action
Loads the Z-register and sets RAMPZ if available.
Syntax
LOADWORDADR label
Remarks
label |
The name of the label which address will be loaded into R30-R31 which |
|
form the Z-register. |
|
|
The code that will be generated :
LDI R30,Low(label * 2)
LDI R31,High(label * 2)
LDI R24,1 or CLR R24
STS RAMPZ, R24
As the AVR uses a word address, to find a byte address we multiply the address with 2. RAMPZ forms together with pointer Z an address register. As the LS bit of Z is used to identify the lower or the upper BYTE of the address, it is extended with the RAMPZ to address more then 15 bits. For example the Mega128 has 128KB of space and needs the RAMPZ register set to the right value in order to address the upper or lower 64KB of space.
See also
LOADLABEL, LOADADR
Example
LOADWORDADR label
LOC
Action
Returns the position of last read or written Byte of the file
Syntax
lLastReadWritten = LOC (#bFileNumber)
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© MCS Electronics, 1995-2007
Remarks
bFileNumber |
(Byte) Filenumber, which identifies an opened file |
lLastReadWritten |
(Long) Variable, assigned with the Position of last read or written |
|
Byte (1-based) |
|
|
This function returns the position of the last read or written Byte. If an error occurs, 0 is returned. Check DOS-Error in variable gbDOSError. If the file position pointer is changed with the command SEEK, this function can not be used till the next read/write operation.
This function differs from VB. In VB the byte position is divided by 128.
See also
INITFILESYSTEM , OPEN , CLOSE, FLUSH , PRINT, LINE INPUT, LOF , EOF , FREEFILE , FILEATTR , SEEK , BSAVE , BLOAD , KILL , DISKFREE , DISKSIZE , GET , PUT , FILEDATE , FILETIME , FILEDATETIME , DIR , FILELEN , WRITE , INPUT
ASM
Calls |
_FileLoc |
|
Input |
r24: filenumber |
X: Pointer to Long-variable, which gets th result |
Output |
r25: Errorcode |
C-Flag: Set on Error |
|
|
|
Example
'open the file in BINARY mode Open "test.biN" For Binary As #2 Put #2 , B ' write a byte
Put #2 , W ' write a word Put #2 , L ' write a long
Ltemp = Loc(#2)+ 1 ' get the position of the next byte Print Ltemp ;" LOC"' store the location of the file pointer Print Lof(#2);" length of file"
Print Fileattr(#2);" file mode"' should be 32 for binary Put #2 , Sn ' write a single
Put #2 , Stxt ' write a string
Flush #2 ' flush to disk
Close #2
LOF
Action
Returns the length of the File in Bytes
Syntax
lFileLength = LOF (#bFileNumber)
page -557-