Microsoft Internet & Networking Dictionary
.pdfMicrosoft Internet & Networking Dictionary
n. An intelligent display device, connected to an Ethernet network, that performs operations on request from client applications in an X Window System. See also Ethernet (definition 1), X Window System.
XUL
n. A standards-based interface description language that provides a standard way to exchange data describing a program’s user interface. XUL balances simplicity, flexibility, and ease of use with precise layout control. XUL was developed by Netscape and Mozilla and is used with XML, CSS, DOM, and HTML.
X Windows
n. See X Window System.
X Window System
n. A nonproprietary standardized set of display-handling routines, developed at MIT. Most often encountered on UNIX workstations, the X Window System is independent of hardware and operating system. An X Window System client calls on the server, which is located on the user’s workstation, to provide a window in which the client can generate a display of text or graphics. Also called: X Windows. See also X Consortium.
Y: Yahoo!—Ymodem
Yahoo!
n. The first major online Web-based directory and search engine for Internet resources, which can be found at http://www.yahoo.com. See also search engine (definition 2).
Yahoo! Mail
n. A popular Web-based e-mail service provided for free by Yahoo! Inc. Compare Hotmail.
Yahoo! Messenger
n. A popular instant-messaging application provided for free by Yahoo! Inc. on a variety of operating systems. See also instant messaging. Compare AIM, ICQ, .NET Messenger Service.
Yanoff list
n. The informal name of the Internet services list created and maintained by Scott Yanoff. The Yanoff list was one of the earliest directories of Internet services and resources. It is located at http://www.spectracom.com/islist/.
Yellow Pages
n. 1. The former name of a UNIX utility, provided by SunSoft (Sun Microsystems system software), that maintains a central database of names and locations of the resources on a network. The Yellow Pages enables processes on any node to locate resources by name. This utility is now known formally as NIS (Network Information Service). 2. InterNIC Registration Services’ database of domain names and their IP addresses. See also domain name, IP address. 3. Any of several Internet business directory services. Some are print publications, some are strictly electronic, and some are both.
Yettie
n. Short for Young, Entrepreneurial Tech-based Twenty-something or Young, Entrepreneurial Technocrat. A person who works in a technology or Internet-related field and who embraces technological change and opportunity. Yettie is intended to be a successor to the older term “yuppie.”
YHBT
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n. Acronym for you have been trolled. An expression used in e-mail and newsgroups to indicate that the receiver has taken a deliberately set bait. See also troll.
YHL
n. Acronym for you have lost. An expression used in e-mail and newsgroups, often following YHBT. See also YHBT.
Ymodem
n. A variation of the Xmodem file transfer protocol that includes the following enhancements: the ability to transfer information in 1-kilobyte (1024-byte) blocks, the ability to send multiple files (batch file transmission), cyclical redundancy checking (CRC), and the ability to abort transfer by transmitting two CAN (cancel) characters in a row. See also Xmodem.
Z: Z39.50 standard—Zope
Z39.50 standard
n. A specification for a query language based on SQL (structured query language). It is used by WAIS, among other Internet services, to search for files through the use of keywords and is widely used for remote access to library catalogs. See also WAIS.
zombie
n. A computer that has become the unwilling host of a DDoS (distributed denial of services) attack program and that is controlled by remote signals from the attacker. To create a zombie, a hacker utilizes security vulnerabilities to crack a Web, mail, news, or application server and plant hidden DDoS tools such as Trinoo and Tribal Flood Network. Later, at a signal from the attacker, the server becomes a zombie that will participate in a coordinated attack on other servers. See also DDoS, hacker.
zone
n. 1. On a LAN (local area network), a subgroup of users within a larger group of interconnected networks. 2. In Macintosh programming, a portion of memory that is allocated and reallocated by the memory manager facility as memory is requested and released by applications and by other parts of the operating system.
zone transfer
n. The process whereby a secondary DNS server obtains information about a zone or domain from the primary server. See also zone (definition 1).
.zoo
n. The file extension that identifies compressed archive files created with the zoo file compression utility. See also zoo210.
zoo210
n. Version 2.1 of zoo, a program for creating compressed archive files (whose names have the extension .zoo). The algorithm for zoo210 is based on that of LHARC. Implementations of zoo210 are available for UNIX and Intel systems. See also LHARC.
zoo virus
n. A virus that is kept in an isolated environment for the benefit of anti-virus research and training. Zoo viruses are not found outside the labs of anti-virus companies.
Zope
n. An open source application server for publishing objects on the Internet. Zope provides tools to integrate data and content from multiple sources into complete Web applications and can be used
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in conjunction with XML-RPC to form a system for remotely scriptable Web objects. Zope runs on UNIX, Windows NT and later, and most other major operating systems. See also XML-RPC.
Appendix A: Instant Messaging
Emoticons and Acronyms
Instant messaging, chat, and other Internet communications formats have led to a variety of shorthand indicators and clarifiers meant to enhance the user experience.
Emotags
Emotags were first used in e-mail and newsgroups to clarify a message for the reader. Typically, emotags consist of a word or words in brackets or parentheses, such as <joke>, and appear right after or both before and after the text they refer to.
Smileys
The most common emoticons are faces and expressions composed of standard keyboard punctuation marks and symbols, and which are viewed sideways. These are known as “smileys” in reference to the first emoticons, which represented a smile, such as: : - ). Smileys are indicators of the emotional “tone of voice” intended by the writer.
Smileys
|
Text |
Meaning |
|
Text |
Meaning |
|
:-) |
smile |
|
8-I or 8-| |
in suspense |
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(-: |
left-handed smile |
|:-| |
excessively rigid |
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:o) |
smile with a large nose |
:-] |
obnoxious |
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|
(or clown smiley) |
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|
|
|
|
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:) |
smile with no nose |
|-) |
bored (or asleep) |
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:-> |
smirk (or wry smile) |
|
|-I |
asleep |
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:-} |
wry smile (or leer) |
|
I^o |
snoring |
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:-t |
unsmiley |
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|-O |
yawning |
|
:*) |
just clowning around |
:-" |
whistling (or pursing lips) |
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(or inebriated) |
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:-)))) |
extreme happiness (or |
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:-s |
incoherent statement |
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sarcastic happiness) |
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:-D |
very happy |
:-# |
just said the wrong thing (or |
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(or laughing) |
braces) |
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(-D |
laughing hard |
:-! |
foot in mouth |
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:-) :-) :-) |
loud guffaw |
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:-() or :-D |
big mouth |
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:'-) |
laughing and crying |
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(:-$ or :-(*) |
ill |
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%-) |
amused (and possibly |
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(:~) or :-') |
ill with a cold |
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confused) |
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:-/ |
chagrined (or skeptical) |
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:-R |
ill with the flu |
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:-I |
indifferent |
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%+| or %+{ |
lost a fight |
|
:~) |
touched (or ill with a cold) |
|
X-( |
unconscious (or dead) |
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(:-( |
sad (or bald and sad) |
<:-) |
dunce |
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:-( |
frown (or unhappy) |
|
*:o) |
bozo |
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:-c |
very unhappy |
@;-) |
flirt |
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:-(((( |
extremely unhappy (or |
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X:-) |
child |
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sarcastic unhappiness) |
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:-< |
forlorn |
:>) |
big nose |
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>:-( |
annoyed |
&:-) |
curly hair (or girl smiley) |
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:-[ |
pouting |
#:-) |
matted hair |
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|
(:-& or %-( |
angry |
8-) |
wearing glasses |
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>:-< |
very angry |
8:-) |
glasses on forehead (or little girl, or |
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hair in curlers) |
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~ :-( |
very angry (or fuming |
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B-) |
wearing horn-rimmed glasses (or |
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mad) |
|
sunglasses) |
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%-( or :/) |
not amused |
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B-] |
wearing cool sunglasses |
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:-| |
expressionless |
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O:-) |
angel |
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|
:-| or :-( |
have an ordinary day |
&8-| |
nerd |
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:-e |
disappointed |
|
c:-) or (:-) |
bald |
|
|
:-X |
lips are sealed (or not |
:-{ |
has a moustache |
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|
saying a word) |
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:-v |
talking |
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:-)} or :-)# |
has a beard |
|
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:-I |
hmmm |
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:-Q or :-I |
smoker |
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:-8( |
condescending stare |
|
:-d~ |
heavy smoker |
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:-O |
shouting (or shocked) |
:-? |
pipe smoker |
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:-@ |
screaming |
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:-/I |
no smoking |
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:,-( or :'-( |
crying |
|
:-) X |
wearing a bow tie |
|
|
~:-o |
baby |
{(:-) |
wearing a toupee |
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]:-)> |
devilish |
:-{} |
lipstick |
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):-) |
impish |
[:-) |
stereo headphones |
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;-> |
lewd |
|
d :-o |
hats off |
||
|
:-x |
kiss |
~:-( |
has been flamed (or is on fire) |
||
:-* |
ready for a kiss (or just |
~~:-( |
has been flamed repeatedly |
|||
ate something sour) |
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|
|
|
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8-] |
wow |
) |
Cheshire cat |
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:-J |
tongue-in-cheek |
|
(:-I |
egghead |
|
:-& |
tongue-tied (or biting tongue) |
|
3:-o |
cow |
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|
:-p |
no way! (or nyah nyah) |
[: |] |
robot |
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;-) |
wink |
|
M-) |
see no evil |
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'-) |
one-eyed wink |
|
:X) |
hear no evil |
||
|
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:-7 |
wry statement (or tongue-in-cheek) |
:-M |
speak no evil |
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:-| :-| |
dèj vu |
*8((: |
strange |
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?-( |
sorry, I don’t know what went |
|
O+ |
female |
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wrong (or black eye) |
|
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:-C |
that’s unbelievable! (or incredible!) |
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O-> |
male |
|
|
B-D |
serves you right |
||*( |
handshake offered |
||
|
:-B |
drooling |
||*) |
handshake accepted |
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:-*) |
drunk |
<{:-)} |
message in a bottle |
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:-9 |
licking lips |
(-: :-) |
putting heads together |
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|-p |
yuck! |
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[] or () |
hug given (name or initials can be |
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|
|
included between the brackets) |
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:-b |
sticking out tongue |
((( ))) |
lots of hugs |
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-]:-)[- |
impressed |
((( ))):** |
hugs and kisses |
|
8-I or 8-| |
in suspense |
(::()::) |
Band-Aid (or comfort) |
|
|:-| |
excessively rigid |
@->- |
a rose |
|
:-] |
obnoxious |
@-->-- |
a long-stemmed rose |
|
|-) |
bored (or asleep) |
@== |
atomic bomb |
|
|-I |
asleep |
<')))))-< |
a fish |
|
I^o |
snoring |
^ |
giggles |
|
Alternate (Japanese) Smileys
Alternate smileys, which do not require users to tilt their heads sideways, were developed by Internet users in Japan and are becoming more common worldwide. Some versions of these emoticons leave out the ( ) brackets around the faces.
Alternate Smileys
|
Text |
|
Meaning |
|
(^_^) |
|
male smiley |
|
|
(^.^) |
|
female smiley |
|
|
|
(^L^) or (^(^) |
|
happy |
|
|
|
|
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(-_-) |
|
secret smile |
|
|
|
(^o^) |
|
laughing out loud |
|
(^_^;) |
|
laughing to cover nervousness |
|
|
(^_^)/ |
|
waving hello |
|
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(;_;)/ |
|
waving good-bye |
|
|
|
(^_~) or (^_-) |
|
winking |
|
|
(*^o^*) or (*^.^*) |
|
exciting |
|
\(^_^)/ |
|
joyful |
|
|
|
(;_;) or (~~>.<~~) |
|
crying |
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|
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||
|
(>.<) or (>_<) |
|
angry |
|
|
(v_v) |
|
expressionless |
|
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(^o^;> |
|
excuse me? |
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|
|
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(*^_^*) |
|
blushing (or shy) |
|
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(^_^;;;) |
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embarrassed (or in a cold sweat) |
|
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(?_?) |
|
confused (or wondering) |
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(!_!) or (o_o) |
|
shocked |
|
(*_*) |
|
frightened (or in love) |
|
|
(=_=)~ |
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sleepy |
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|
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(u_u) |
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sleeping |
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(@_@) |
|
stunned |
|
|
|
'\=o-o=/' |
|
wearing glasses |
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|
|
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||
|
m(_)m |
|
humble bow of thanks or apology |
|
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|
|
|
|
Acronyms and Shorthand
The first emotional indicators in newsgroups and e-mail were acronyms designed to give readers clues to the attitude and intent of the sender. Acronyms also quickly developed as keyboarding
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shortcuts. Use of acronyms is particularly prevalent in instant messaging, primarily to maintain the pace of real-time conversation.
Acronyms
Text |
Meaning |
Text |
Meaning |
|
AAMOF |
as a matter of fact |
JW |
just wondering |
|
AAR |
at any rate |
K |
okay |
|
ADN |
any day now |
KWIM |
know what I mean? |
|
AFAIK |
as far as I know |
L (or <L>) |
laughing |
|
AFK |
away from keyboard |
L8R |
later |
|
AFKBRB |
away from keyboard, be |
LJBF |
let’s just be friends |
|
right back |
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|
|
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ASAP |
as soon as possible |
LOL |
laughing out loud |
|
A/S/L |
age/sex/location |
LTNS |
long time no see |
|
B2W |
back to work |
MHBFY |
my heart bleeds for you |
|
B4N (or BFN) |
bye for now |
MHOTY |
my hat’s off to you |
|
BAK |
back at keyboard |
MOTAS |
member of the |
|
appropriate sex |
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|
|
|
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BBL |
be back later |
MOTD |
message of the day |
|
BBS |
be back soon |
MYOB |
mind your own |
|
business |
||||
|
|
|
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BCNU |
be seeing you |
NBD |
no big deal |
|
BF (or B/F) |
boyfriend |
NBIF |
no basis in fact |
|
BMN |
but maybe not |
NOYB |
none of your business |
|
BRB |
be right back |
NP |
no problem |
|
BTDT |
been there, done that |
NRN |
no response |
|
necessary (or no reply |
||||
|
|
|
necessary) |
|
BTDTBTT |
been there, done that, |
OIC |
oh, I see |
|
bought the tape |
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|
|
|
||
BTDTGTTS |
been there, done that, got |
OM |
oh my (or old man, |
|
the t-shirt |
as in husband) |
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|
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BTDTGTTSAWIO |
been there, done that, got |
OOI |
out of interest |
|
the t-shirt, and wore it out |
||||
|
|
|
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BTW |
by the way |
OOTB |
out of the box |
|
BYKT |
but you knew that |
OTL |
out to lunch |
|
CIO |
cut it out |
OTOH |
on the other hand |
|
CMIIW |
correct me if I’m wrong |
OTTH |
on the third hand |
|
CU (or CYA) |
see you |
PAW |
parents are watching |
|
CUL (or CUL8R) |
see you later |
PC |
politically correct |
|
DIY |
do it yourself |
PDA |
public display of affection |
|
DYJHIW |
don’t you just hate it when |
PEST |
please excuse slow |
|
typing |
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EAK |
eating at keyboard |
PI (or PIC) |
politically incorrect |
|
EOL |
end of lecture |
PKB (or P/K/B) |
pot, kettle, black (or pot |
|
calling the kettle black) |
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EOM |
end of message |
PMBI |
pardon my butting in |
|
F2F (or FTF) |
face to face |
PMFJI |
pardon me for |
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jumping in |
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FAPP
FOFL (or FOTFL)
FTR
FWIW
FYA
FYEO
FYI
g (or <g>)
G (or <G>)
G2G (or GTG)
GAL
GD&H
GD&R
GD&RVVF
GF (or G/F)
GG
GIWIST
GMTA
GoAT
HAK
HAGD
HAND
HEH
HHOS
HTH
IAE
HW
IANAL
IC
ICBW
IDTS
IINM
for all practical purposes
falling on the floor laughing
for the record
for what it’s worth
for your amusement
for your eyes only
for your information
grin
big grin
got to go
get a life
grinning, ducking, and hiding
grinning, ducking, and running
grinning, ducking,
and running, very, very fast
girlfriend
gotta go (or good game)
gee, I wish I said that
great minds think alike
go away, troll
hugs and kisses
have a great day
have a nice day
a courtesy laugh
ha-ha, only serious
hope this helps (or hope that helps)
in any event
homework (or hardware)
I am not a lawyer
I see
I could be wrong (or it could be worse)
I don’t think so
if I’m not mistaken
POS
POS
POV
PPL
PTB
R (or r)
REHI
RFC
RL
ROTFL
ROTFLOL
RSN
S (or <S>)
SCNR
SITD
SOP
SPMD
SUP
TBE
THX (or TX)
TIA
TANJ
TIC
TPHB
TPTB
TTBOMK
TTFN
TTYL
TVM
TVMIA
TYVMIA
U
parent over shoulder (or parents over
shoulder)
parent over shoulder (or parents over
shoulder)
point of view
people
powers that be
are
re-hello (following a short time away) (or hi again)
request for comment
real life
rolling on the floor laughing
rolling on the floor laughing out loud
real soon now
smile
sorry, could not resist
still in the dark
standard operating procedure
some people may differ
what’s up?
to be expected
thanks
thanks in advance
there ain’t no justice
tongue-in-cheek
the pointy-haired boss
the powers that be
to the best of my knowledge
ta-ta for now
talk to you later
thanks very much
thanks very much in advance
thank you very much in advance
you
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IIRC
IIUC
IMCO
IME
IMHO
IMNSHO
IMO
IOW
IRL
ISTM
ISWYM
ITRW
J (or <J>)
JC
JIC
JK (or J/K)
JTYWTK
if I recall correctly
if I understand correctly
in my considered opinion
in my experience
in my humble opinion
in my not-so-humble opinion
in my opinion
in other words
in real life
it seems to me
I see what you mean
in the real world
joking
just chillin’
just in case
just kidding (or that was a joke)
just thought you wanted to know
UW
VBG (or <VBG>)
WB
WCD
WHBT
WOA
WRT
WTG
WTH
Y (or <Y>)
YHBT
YHBW
YHGMTPOTG
YHM
YMMV
YOYO
YWSYLS
you’re welcome
very big grin
welcome back
what’s cookin’ doc?
we have been trolled
work of art
with regard to (or with respect to)
way to go
what the heck?
yawning
you have been told
(or you have been trolled)
you have been warned
you have greatly misinterpreted the purpose of this group
you have mail
your mileage may vary
you’re on your own
you win some, you lose some
Appendix B: Internet Domains
Top-Level Domains: Organizational
Domain |
Type of Organization |
.aero |
Air-transport industry |
.biz |
Businesses |
.com |
Commercial |
.coop |
Cooperatives |
.edu |
Educational |
.gov |
Nonmilitary agency, United States federal government |
.info |
Unrestricted use |
.int |
International organization |
.mil |
United States military |
.museum |
Museums |
.name |
Individuals |
.net |
Network provider |
.org |
Nonprofit organization |
.pro |
Professional workers |
|
|
Top-Level Domains: Geographic
Domain |
Country/Region |
Domain |
Country/Region |
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.ac |
Ascension Island |
.lb |
Lebanon |
|
.ad |
Andorra |
.lc |
St. Lucia |
|
.ae |
United Arab Emirates |
.li |
Liechtenstein |
|
.af |
Afghanistan |
.lk |
Sri Lanka |
|
.ag |
Antigua and Barbuda |
.lr |
Liberia |
|
.ai |
Anguilla |
.ls |
Lesotho |
|
.al |
Albania |
.lt |
Lithuania |
|
.am |
Armenia |
.lu |
Luxembourg |
|
.an |
Netherlands Antilles |
.lv |
Latvia |
|
.ao |
Angola |
.ly |
Libya |
|
.aq |
Antarctica |
.ma |
Morocco |
|
.ar |
Argentina |
.mc |
Monaco |
|
.as |
American Samoa |
.md |
Moldova |
|
.at |
Austria |
.mg |
Madagascar |
|
.au |
Australia |
.mh |
Marshall Islands |
|
.aw |
Aruba |
.mk |
Macedonia, Former |
|
Yugoslav Republic of |
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|
|
|
|
|
.az |
Azerbaijan |
.ml |
Mali |
|
.ba |
Bosnia and |
.ml |
Mali |
|
Herzegovina |
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|
|
|
|
|
.bb |
Barbados |
.mm |
Myanmar |
|
.bd |
Bangladesh |
.mn |
Mongolia |
|
.be |
Belgium |
.mo |
Macau SAR |
|
.bf |
Burkina Faso |
.mp |
Northern Mariana Islands |
|
.bg |
Bulgaria |
.mq |
Martinique |
|
.bh |
Bahrain |
.mr |
Mauritania |
|
.bi |
Burundi |
.ms |
Montserrat |
|
||||
|
.bj |
Benin |
.mt |
Malta |
|
.bm |
Bermuda |
.mu |
Mauritius |
|
.bn |
Brunei |
.mv |
Maldives |
|
.bo |
Bolivia |
.mw |
Malawi |
|
.br |
Brazil |
.mx |
Mexico |
|
.bs |
Bahamas, The |
.my |
Malaysia |
|
.bt |
Bhutan |
.mz |
Mozambique |
|
.bv |
Bouvet Island |
.na |
Namibia |
|
.bw |
Botswana |
.nc |
New Caledonia |
|
.by |
Belarus |
.ne |
Niger |
|
.bz |
Belize |
.nf |
Norfolk Island |
|
.ca |
Canada |
.ng |
Nigeria |
|
||||
|
.cc |
Cocos (Keeling) |
.ni |
Nicaragua |
|
Islands |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
.cd |
Congo (DRC) |
.nl |
Netherlands, The |
|
||||
|
.cf |
Central African |
.no |
Norway |
|
Republic |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
.cg |
Congo |
.np |
Nepal |
|
||||
|
.ch |
Switzerland |
.nr |
Nauru |
|
.ci |
CÙte dëIvoire |
.nu |
Niue |
|
|
|
|
|
Microsoft Internet & Networking Dictionary |
|
319 |
||
Microsoft Internet & Networking Dictionary
.ck |
Cook Islands |
.nz |
New Zealand |
|
.cl |
Chile |
.om |
Oman |
|
.cm |
Cameroon |
.pa |
Panama |
|
.cn |
China |
.pe |
Peru |
|
.co |
Colombia |
.pf |
French Polynesia |
|
.cr |
Costa Rica |
.pg |
Papua New Guinea |
|
.cu |
Cuba |
.ph |
Philippines |
|
.cv |
Cape Verde |
.pk |
Pakistan |
|
.cx |
Christmas Island |
.pl |
Poland |
|
.cy |
Cyprus |
.pm |
St. Pierre and Miquelon |
|
.cz |
Czech Republic |
.pn |
Pitcairn Islands |
|
.de |
Germany |
.pr |
Puerto Rico |
|
.dj |
Djibouti |
.ps |
Palestinian Authority |
|
.dk |
Denmark |
.pt |
Portugal |
|
.dm |
Dominica |
.pw |
Palau |
|
.do |
Dominican Republic |
.py |
Paraguay |
|
.dz |
Algeria |
.qa |
Qatar |
|
.ec |
Ecuador |
.re |
Reunion |
|
.ee |
Estonia |
.ro |
Romania |
|
.eg |
Egypt |
.ru |
Russia |
|
.er |
Eritrea |
.rw |
Rwanda |
|
.es |
Spain |
.sa |
Saudi Arabia |
|
.et |
Ethiopia |
.sb |
Solomon Islands |
|
.fi |
Finland |
.sc |
Seychelles |
|
.fj |
Fiji Islands |
.sd |
Sudan |
|
.fk |
Falkland Islands (Islas |
.se |
Sweden |
|
Malvinas) |
||||
|
|
|
||
.fm |
Micronesia |
.sg |
Singapore |
|
.fo |
Faroe Islands |
.sh |
St. Helena |
|
.fr |
France |
.si |
Slovenia |
|
.ga |
Gabon |
.sj |
Svalbard and Jan Mayen |
|
.gd |
Grenada |
.sk |
Slovakia |
|
.ge |
Georgia |
.sl |
Sierra Leone |
|
.gf |
French Guiana |
.sm |
San Marino |
|
.gg |
Guernsey |
.sn |
Senegal |
|
.gh |
Ghana |
.so |
Somalia |
|
.gi |
Gibraltar |
.sr |
Suriname |
|
.gl |
Greenland |
.st |
S„o TomÈ and Pr”ncipe |
|
.gm |
Gambia, The |
.sv |
El Salvador |
|
.gn |
Guinea |
.sy |
Syria |
|
.gp |
Guadeloupe |
.sz |
Swaziland |
|
.gq |
Equatorial Guinea |
.tc |
Turks and Caicos Islands |
|
.gr |
Greece |
.td |
Chad |
|
.gs |
South Georgia and the |
.tf |
French Southern and |
|
South Sandwich Islands |
Antarctic Lands |
|||
|
|
|||
.gt |
Guatemala |
.tg |
Togo |
|
.gu |
Guam |
.th |
Thailand |
|
Microsoft Internet & Networking Dictionary |
|
320 |
||