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US Army Dictionary of Military Terms

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002

unconventional recovery operation —

Evader recovery operations conducted by unconventional forces. See also evader; recovery operations. (JP 3-50.3)

unconventional warfare — A broad spectrum of military and paramilitary operations, normally of long duration, predominantly conducted by indigenous or surrogate forces who are organized, trained, equipped, supported, and directed in varying degrees by an external source. It includes guerrilla warfare and other direct offensive, low visibility, covert, or clandestine operations, as well as the indirect activities of subversion, sabotage, intelligence activities, and evasion and escape. Also called UW. (JP 3-05.5)

unconventional warfare forces — US forces having an existing unconventional warfare capability.

undersea warfare — Operations conducted to establish battlespace dominance in the underwater environment, which permits friendly forces to accomplish the full range of potential missions and denies an opposing force the effective use of underwater systems and weapons. It includes offensive and defensive submarine, antisubmarine, and mine warfare operations. Also called USW. See also antisubmarine warfare; mine warfare.

understowed cargo — See flatted cargo.

underwater demolition — (*) The destruction or neutralization of underwater obstacles; this is normally accomplished by underwater demolition teams.

underwater demolition team — A group of officers and enlisted specially trained and equipped for making hydrographic reconnaissance of approaches to

prospective landing beaches; for effecting demolition of obstacles and clearing mines in certain areas; locating, improving, and marking of useable channels; channel and harbor clearance; acquisition of pertinent data during pre-assault operations, including military information; observing the hinterland to gain information useful to the landing force; and for performing miscellaneous underwater and surface tasks within their capabilities. Also called UDT.

underway replenishment — See replenishment at sea.

underway replenishment force — (*) A task force of fleet auxiliaries (consisting of oilers, ammunition ships, stores issue ships, etc.) adequately protected by escorts furnished by the responsible operational commander. The function of this force is to provide underway logistic support for naval forces. See also force.

underway replenishment group — A task group configured to provide logistic replenishment of ships underway by transfer-at-sea methods.

unexpended weapons or ordnance —

Airborne weapons that have not been subjected to attempts to fire or drop and are presumed to be in normal operating conditions and can be fired or jettisoned if necessary. See also ordnance. (JP 3-04.1)

unexploded explosive ordnance — (*)

Explosive ordnance which has been primed, fused, armed or otherwise prepared for action, and which has been fired, dropped, launched, projected, or placed in such a manner as to constitute a hazard to operations, installations, personnel, or material and remains unexploded either by malfunction or design or for any other cause. Also called UXO. See also explosive ordnance. (JP 3-15)

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unified action — A broad generic term that describes the wide scope of actions (including the synchronization of activities with governmental and nongovernmental agencies) taking place within unified commands, subordinate unified commands, or joint task forces under the overall direction of the commanders of those commands. See also joint task force; subordinate unified command; unified command. (JP 0-2)

Unified Action Armed Forces — A publication setting forth the policies, principles, doctrines, and functions governing the activities and performance of the Armed Forces of the United States when two or more Military Departments or Service elements thereof are acting together. Also called UNAAF. (JP 0-2)

unified combatant command — See unified command. (JP 0-2)

unified command — A command with a broad continuing mission under a single commander and composed of significant assigned components of two or more Military Departments, that is established and so designated by the President through the Secretary of Defense with the advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Also called unified combatant command. See also combatant command; subordinate unified command.

(JP 0-2)

Unified Command Plan — The document, approved by the President, that sets forth basic guidance to all unified combatant commanders; establishes their missions, responsibilities, and force structure; delineates the general geographical area of responsibility for geographic combatant commanders; and specifies functional responsibilities for functional combatant commanders. Also called UCP. See also

combatant command; combatant commander. (JP 0-2)

uniformed services — The Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Public Health Services. See also Military Department; Military

Service.

unilateral arms control measure — An arms control course of action taken by a nation without any compensating concession being required of other nations.

unintentional radiation exploitation —

Exploitation for operational purposes of noninformation-bearing elements of electromagnetic energy unintentionally emanated by targets of interest.

unintentional radiation intelligence —

Intelligence derived from the collection and analysis of noninformation-bearing elements extracted from the electromagnetic energy unintentionally emanated by foreign devices, equipment, and systems, excluding those generated by the detonation of nuclear weapons. Also called RINT. See also intelligence. (JP 2-0)

uni-Service command — A command comprised of forces of a single Service.

unit — 1. Any military element whose structure is prescribed by competent authority, such as a table of organization and equipment; specifically, part of an organization. 2. An organization title of a subdivision of a group in a task force. 3. A standard or basic quantity into which an item of supply is divided, issued, or used. In this meaning, also called unit of issue. 4. With regard to Reserve Components of the Armed Forces, denotes a Selected Reserve unit organized, equipped, and trained for mobilization to serve on active

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duty as a unit or to augment or be augmented by another unit. Headquarters and support functions without wartime missions are not considered units.

unit aircraft — Those aircraft provided an aircraft unit for the performance of a flying mission. See also aircraft.

unit combat readiness — See combat readiness.

unit commitment status — (*) The degree of commitment of any unit designated and categorized as a force allocated to NATO.

unit designation list — A list of actual units by unit identification code designated to fulfill requirements of a force list.

United States — Includes the land area, internal waters, territorial sea, and airspace of the United States, including the following: a. US territories, possessions, and commonwealths; and b. Other areas over which the US Government has complete jurisdiction and control or has exclusive authority or defense responsibility.

United States Armed Forces — Used to denote collectively only the regular components of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. See also

Armed Forces of the United States.

United States Civil Authorities — Those elected and appointed public officials and employees who constitute the governments of the 50 States, District of Columbia, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, US possessions and territories, and political subdivisions thereof.

United States Civilian Internee Information Center — The national center of information in the United States for enemy and US civilian internees.

United States controlled shipping — That shipping under US flag and selected ships under foreign flag considered to be under “effective US control,” i.e., that can reasonably be expected to be made available to the United States in time of national emergency. See also effective US controlled ships.

United States message text format — A program designed to enhance joint and combined combat effectiveness through standardization of message formats, data elements, and information exchange procedures. Standard message formats with standard information content provides all tactical commanders at the joint interface with a common playing field and a common language. Also called USMTF.

United States Military Service-funded foreign training — Training that is provided to foreign nationals in United States Military Service schools and installations under authority other than the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.

United States Naval Ship — A public vessel of the United States that is in the custody of the Navy and is: a. Operated by the Military Sealift Command and manned by a civil service crew; or b. Operated by a commercial company under contract to the Military Sealift Command and manned by a merchant marine crew. Also called

USNS. See also Military Sealift Command. (JP 3-02.2)

United States Prisoner of War Information Center — The national center of information in the United States for enemy and US prisoners of war.

United States Signals Intelligence System

The unified organization of signals intelligence activities under the direction of the Director, National Security Agency/

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Chief, Central Security Service. It consists of the National Security Agency/Central Security Service, the components of the Military Services authorized to conduct signals intelligence, and such other entities (other than the Federal Bureau of Investigation) authorized by the National Security Council or the Secretary of Defense to conduct signals intelligence activities. Also called USSS. See also counterintelligence. (JP 2-01.2)

United States Transportation Command

The unified command with the mission to provide strategic air, land, and sea transportation for the Department of Defense, across the range of military operations. Also called USTRANSCOM.

See also global transportation network; single port manager; transportation component command; unified command. (JP 4-01)

unit identification code — A six-character, alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies each Active, Reserve, and National Guard unit of the Armed Forces. Also called UIC.

unitized load — A single item or a number of items packaged, packed, or arranged in a specified manner and capable of being handled as a unit. Unitization may be accomplished by placing the item or items in a container or by banding them securely together. See also palletized unit load.

unit line number — A seven-character alphanumeric code that describes a unique increment of a unit deployment, i.e., advance party, main body, equipment by sea and air, reception team, or trail party, in a Joint Operation Planning and Execution System time-phased force and deployment data. Also called ULN.

unit loading — (*) The loading of troop units with their equipment and supplies in the

same vessels, aircraft, or land vehicles. See also loading.

unit movement control center — A temporary organization activated by major subordinate commands and subordinate units during deployment to control and manage marshalling and movement. Also called UMCC. See also deployment; marshaling; unit. (JP 4-01.8)

unit of issue — In its special storage meaning, refers to the quantity of an item; as each number, dozen, gallon, pair, pound, ream, set, yard. Usually termed unit of issue to distinguish from “unit price.” See also unit.

unit movement data — A unit equipment and/or supply listing containing corresponding transportability data. Tailored unit movement data has been modified to reflect a specific movement requirement. Also called UMD.

unit personnel and tonnage table — A table included in the loading plan of a combatloaded ship as a recapitulation of totals of personnel and cargo by type, listing cubic measurements and weight. Also called

UP&TT.

unit price — The cost or price of an item of supply based on the unit of issue.

unit readiness — See readiness.

unit-related equipment and supplies — All equipment and supplies that are assigned to a specific unit or that are designated as accompanying supplies. The logistic dimensions of these items are contained in the type unit characteristics file standard.

unit reserves — Prescribed quantities of supplies carried by a unit as a reserve to cover emergencies. See also reserve supplies.

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unit training assembly — An authorized and scheduled period of unit inactive duty training of a prescribed length of time.

unit type code — A Joint Chiefs of Staff developed and assigned code, consisting of five characters that uniquely identify a “type unit.”

Universal Joint Task List — A menu of capabilities (mission-derived tasks with associated conditions and standards, i.e., the tools) that may be selected by a joint force commander to accomplish the assigned mission. Once identified as essential to mission accomplishment, the tasks are reflected within the command joint mission essential task list. Also called UJTL. (JP 3-33)

universal polar stereographic grid — A military grid prescribed for joint use in operations in limited areas and used for operations requiring precise position reporting. It covers areas between the 80 degree parallels and the poles.

Universal Postal Union — A worldwide postal organization to which the United States and most other countries are members. The exchange of mail, except parcel post, between the United States and other nations is governed by the provisions of the Universal Postal Union convention. Also called UPU.

Universal Time — A measure of time that conforms, within a close approximation, to the mean diurnal rotation of the Earth and serves as the basis of civil timekeeping. Universal Time (UT1) is determined from observations of the stars, radio sources, and also from ranging observations of the moon and artificial Earth satellites. The scale determined directly from such observations is designated Universal Time Observed

(UTO); it is slightly dependent on the place of observation. When UTO is corrected for the shift in longitude of the observing station caused by polar motion, the time scale UT1 is obtained. When an accuracy better than one second is not required, Universal Time can be used to mean Coordinated Universal Time. Also called ZULU time. Formerly called Greenwich Mean Time.

universal transverse mercator grid — (*)

A grid coordinate system based on the transverse mercator projection, applied to maps of the Earth’s surface extending to 84 degrees N and 80 degrees S latitudes. Also called UTM grid.

unknown — 1. A code meaning “information not available.” 2. An unidentified target. An aircraft or ship that has not been determined to be hostile, friendly, or neutral using identification friend or foe and other techniques, but that must be tracked by air defense or naval engagement systems. 3. An identity applied to an evaluated track that has not been identified. See also assumed friend; friend; hostile; neutral; suspect.

unlimited war — Not to be used. See general war.

unmanned aerial vehicle — A powered, aerial vehicle that does not carry a human operator, uses aerodynamic forces to provide vehicle lift, can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, can be expendable or recoverable, and can carry a lethal or nonlethal payload. Ballistic or semiballistic vehicles, cruise missiles, and artillery projectiles are not considered unmanned aerial vehicles. Also called UAV. (JP3-55.1)

unplanned immediate targets — Those immediate targets that are known to exist

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in an operational area but are not detected, located, or selected for action in sufficient time to be included in the normal targeting process. See also immediate targets; operational area; target. (JP 3-60)

unpremeditated expansion of a war — Not to be used. See escalation.

unscheduled convoy phase — (*) The period in the early days of war when convoys are instituted on an ad hoc basis before the introduction of convoy schedules in the regular convoy phase.

unstuffing — The removal of cargo from a container. Also called stripping.

unwanted cargo — (*) A cargo loaded in peacetime which is not required by the consignee country in wartime.

unwarned exposed — (*) The vulnerability of friendly forces to nuclear weapon effects. In this condition, personnel are assumed to be standing in the open at burst time, but have dropped to a prone position by the time the blast wave arrives. They are expected to have areas of bare skin exposed to direct thermal radiation, and some personnel may suffer dazzle. See also warned exposed; warned protected.

urgent mining — (*) In naval mine warfare, the laying of mines with correct spacing but not in the ordered or planned positions. The mines may be laid either inside or outside the allowed area in such positions that they will hamper the movements of the enemy more than those of our own forces.

urgent priority — A category of immediate mission request that is lower than emergency priority but takes precedence over ordinary priority; e.g., enemy artillery

or mortar fire that is falling on friendly troops and causing casualties or enemy troops or mechanized units moving up in such force as to threaten a breakthrough. See also immediate mission request; priority of immediate mission requests.

US commercial assets — US commercial aircraft, spacecraft, flag shipping, offshore, and land-based assets located landward of the outer limit of the continental shelf of the United States, its territories, and possessions, and excluding those privately owned oil rigs operating under foreign license in disputed offshore areas.

use of force policy — Policy guidance issued by the Commandant, US Coast Guard, on the use of force and weapons.

US Defense Representative — A senior US officer in a foreign country representing the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the commander of the unified command that coordinates the security matters regarding in-country, noncombat Department of Defense (DOD) elements (i.e., DOD personnel and organizations under the command of a combatant commander but not assigned to, or attached to, the combatant commander). Also called USDR.

US forces — All Armed Forces (including the Coast Guard) of the United States, any person in the Armed Forces of the United States, and all equipment of any description that either belongs to the US Armed Forces or is being used (including Type I and II Military Sealift Command vessels), escorted, or conveyed by the US Armed Forces.

US national — US citizen and US permanent and temporary legal resident aliens.

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US Transportation Command coordinating instructions — Instructions of the US Transportation Command that establish suspense dates for selected members of the joint planning and execution community to

complete updates to the operation plan database. Instructions will ensure that the target date movement requirements will be validated and available for scheduling.

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V

validate — Execution procedure used by combatant command components, supporting combatant commanders, and providing organizations to confirm to the supported commander and US Transportation Command that all the information records in a time-phased force and deployment data not only are error-free for automation purposes, but also accurately reflect the current status, attributes, and availability of units and requirements. Unit readiness, movement dates, passengers, and cargo details should be confirmed with the unit before validation occurs.

validation — 1. A process normally associated with the collection of intelligence that provides official status to an identified requirement and confirms that the requirement is appropriate for a given collector and has not been previously satisfied. 2. In computer modeling and simulation, the process of determining the degree to which a model or simulation is an accurate representation of the real world from the perspective of the intended uses of the model or simulation. See also accreditation; independent review; verification. (JP 2-0)

valuable cargo — (*) Cargo which may be of value during a later stage of the war.

value engineering — An organized effort directed at analyzing the function of Department of Defense systems, equipment, facilities, procedures, and supplies for the purpose of achieving the required function at the lowest total cost of effective ownership, consistent with requirements for performance, reliability, quality, and maintainability.

variability — (*) The manner in which the probability of damage to a specific target

decreases with the distance from ground zero; or, in damage assessment, a mathematical factor introduced to average the effects of orientation, minor shielding, and uncertainty of target response to the effects considered.

variable safety level — See safety level of supply.

variant — 1. One of two or more cipher or code symbols that have the same plain text equivalent. 2. One of several plain text meanings that are represented by a single code group. Also called alternative.

variation — The angular difference between true and magnetic north. See also deviation.

vectored attack — (*) Attack in which a weapon carrier (air, surface, or subsurface) not holding contact on the target is vectored to the weapon delivery point by a unit (air, surface, or subsurface) which holds contact on the target.

vehicle cargo — Wheeled or tracked equipment, including weapons, that require certain deck space, head room, and other definite clearance.

vehicle distance — (*) The clearance between vehicles in a column which is measured from the rear of one vehicle to the front of the following vehicle.

vehicle summary and priority table — A table listing all vehicles by priority of debarkation from a combat-loaded ship. It includes the nomenclature, dimensions, square feet, cubic feet, weight, and stowage location of each vehicle; the cargo loaded in each vehicle; and the name of the unit to which the vehicle belongs.

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verification — 1. In arms control, any action, including inspection, detection, and identification, taken to ascertain compliance with agreed measures. 2. In computer modeling and simulation, the process of determining that a model or simulation implementation accurately represents the developer’s conceptual description and specifications. See also accreditation; configuration management; independent review; validation.

verify — (*) To ensure that the meaning and phraseology of the transmitted message conveys the exact intention of the originator.

vertex — (*) In artillery and naval gunfire support, the highest point in the trajectory of a projectile.

vertex height — See maximum ordinate.

vertical air photograph — (*) An air photograph taken with the optical axis of the camera perpendicular to the surface of the Earth.

vertical and/or short takeoff and landing

Vertical and/or short takeoff and landing capability for aircraft.

vertical envelopment — A tactical maneuver in which troops, either air-dropped or air-landed, attack the rear and flanks of a force, in effect cutting off or encircling the force.

vertical interval — Difference in altitude between two specified points or locations, e.g., the battery or firing ship and the target; observer location and the target; location of previously fired target and new target; observer and a height of burst; and battery or firing ship and a height of burst, etc.

vertical landing zone — A specified ground area for landing vertical takeoff and landing aircraft to embark or disembark troops and/

or cargo. A landing zone may contain one or more landing sites. Also called VLZ.

See also landing zone; vertical takeoff and landing aircraft. (JP 3-02)

vertical loading — (*) A type of loading whereby items of like character are vertically tiered throughout the holds of a ship so that selected items are available at any stage of the unloading. See also loading.

vertical probable error — The product of the range probable error and the slope of fall.

vertical replenishment — (*) The use of a helicopter for the transfer of materiel to or from a ship. Also called VERTREP.

vertical separation — (*) Separation between aircraft expressed in units of vertical distance.

vertical strip — A single flightline of overlapping photos. Photography of this type is normally taken of long, narrow targets such as beaches or roads.

vertical takeoff and landing aircraft —

Fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters capable of taking off or landing vertically. Also called VTOL aircraft. See also vertical landing zone; vertical takeoff and landing aircraft transport area. (JP 3-02)

vertical takeoff and landing aircraft transport area — Area to the seaward and on the flanks of the outer transport and landing ship areas, but preferably inside the area screen, for launching and/or recovering vertical takeoff and landing aircraft. Also called VTOL aircraft transport area. See also vertical takeoff and landing aircraft.

(JP 3-02)

very seriously ill or injured — The casualty status of a person whose illness or injury is

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classified by medical authority to be of such severity that life is imminently endangered. Also called VSII. See also casualty status.

very small aperture terminal — Refers to a fixed satellite terminal whose antenna diameter typically does not exceed two meters. Also called VSAT.

vesicant agent — See blister agent.

vignetting — (*) A method of producing a band of color or tone on a map or chart, the density of which is reduced uniformly from edge to edge.

visibility range — The horizontal distance (in kilometers or miles) at which a large dark object can just be seen against the horizon sky in daylight.

visual call sign — (*) A call sign provided primarily for visual signaling. See also call sign.

visual information — Use of one or more of the various visual media with or without sound. Generally, visual information includes still photography, motion picture photography, video or audio recording, graphic arts, visual aids, models, display, visual presentation services, and the support processes. Also called VI.

visual information documentation —

Motion media, still photography, and audio recording of technical and nontechnical events while they occur, usually not controlled by the recording crew. Visual information documentation encompasses Combat Camera, operational documentation, and technical documentation. Also called

VIDOC. See also combat camera; operational documentation; technical documentation.

visual meteorological conditions — Weather conditions in which visual flight rules

apply; expressed in terms of visibility, ceiling height, and aircraft clearance from clouds along the path of flight. When these criteria do not exist, instrument meteorological conditions prevail and instrument flight rules must be complied with. Also called VMC. See also instrument meteorological conditions.

(JP 3-04.1)

visual mine firing indicator — (*) A device used with exercise mines to indicate that the mine would have detonated had it been poised.

vital area — (*) A designated area or installation to be defended by air defense units.

vital ground — (*) Ground of such importance that it must be retained or controlled for the success of the mission. See also key terrain.

voice call sign — (*) A call sign provided primarily for voice communication. See also call sign.

Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement

The objective of the Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement (VISA) is to provide the Department of Defense (DOD) with assured access to US flag assets, both vessel capacity and intermodal systems, to meet DOD contingency requirements. VISA is an improvement to the Sealift Readiness Program and both programs will be utilized to provide required lift assets. VISA is modeled after the DOD Civil Reserve Air Fleet program. Carriers contractually commit specified portions of their fleet to meet time-phased DOD contingency requirements. The worldwide intermodal system provided by these carriers provides extensive and flexible capabilities to the Department of Defense. Also called VISA. See also intermodal;

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