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The Oxford Dictionary of New Words

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office developments, Northgate is nearing completion.

Glaswegian Dec. 1986, p. 12

To a practitioner in the field of energy, 'intelligent buildings' involve energy engineering and building services, and suggest buildings whose facades, fabric and services combine (passively where possible) to

optimise the environment and the consumption of energy.

Architech June 1989, p. 43

intermediate-range nuclear forces (Politics) see INF

intifada noun Also written intifadah (Politics)

An Arab uprising; more specifically, the uprising and unrest led by Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied area of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, beginning in late 1987.

Etymology: A direct borrowing from Arabic intifada, which literally means 'shake' or 'shudder': the metaphor is that of shaking off the yoke of an oppressor, a concept with a long tradition in Islam.

History and Usage: The word intifada had been in use among Islamic groups (in the Lebanon, for example) before the Palestinian uprising of December 1987, but rarely appeared in English-language reports of events. After the beginning of the West Bank intifada, though, the word began to appear frequently and soon came to be used without a translation in some newspapers.

The Palestinians have succeeded for the first time in bringing the intifada in the occupied territories within Israel's pre-1967 boundaries.

Independent 14 June 1988, p. 12

Since the beginning of the so-called 'intifada', Israel has spared no effort to control and appease that uprising, with as little loss of life and injury as

possible.

Harper's Magazine Sept. 1989, p. 71

The intifada in Gaza and the West Bank is in its third year. Now that we have started, we can go on for three years as well if we have to.

The Times 22 May 1990, p. 9

intrapreneur

noun (Business World)

A business person who uses entrepreneurial skills from within a large corporation to revitalize and diversify its business,

rather than setting up competing small businesses.

Etymology: Punningly formed on entrepreneur by substituting the Latin prefix intrain the sense 'within, on the inside' for its

first element entre- (or by clipping out the middle part of intra-corporate entrepreneurship: see below). The result is a hybrid word made up of Latin and French elements, which many people would consider an ugly formation.

History and Usage: The idea of intrapreneuring or intrapreneurship came from US management consultant Gifford Pinchot in the late seventies. At first he named the concept intra-corporate entrepreneurship, but by the mid eighties the shorter form was becoming established. The corresponding adjective is intrapreneurial; the view that employees of large corporations should be encouraged to use their skills in this way has been called intrapreneurialism. All of these words are still predominantly used in American sources, although the concepts have been tried in many developed countries.

The belief that Japan is lacking entrepreneurs is wrong. 'If you want to set up your own business or go into a partnership, your path is blocked. So an entrepreneur becomes an 'intrapreneur'...Intrapreneurs set up the new business ventures. If a venture is a success, the company spins it off as a subsidiary.

Business Review Weekly Oct. 1987, p. 158

A one day briefing on intrapreneurship: developing entrepreneurs inside Australian organisations.

Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 21 May 1988, p. 27

Not surprisingly, other parts of the IBM empire reacted jealously against the PC team and the kind of threatening 'intrapreneurial' behaviour that they were encouraged to adopt.

Independent 21 Mar. 1989, p. 19

investigative

adjective (Lifestyle and Leisure)

Of a style of reporting used especially in television and radio (and also of those who use it): actively seeking to expose malpractice, injustice, or any other activity deemed to be against the public good; penetrative, delving.

Etymology: A specialized use of investigative, which in its most general sense means 'characterized by or inclined to investigation'.

History and Usage: The principle of investigative newspaper reporting, which would be so penetrative as to force public officeholders to take account of public indignation at any malpractice, was first established in the US by Basil Walters as long ago as the early fifties. However, investigative reporting only really came into its own in the US in the seventies (in connection with the Watergate scandal). In the UK, investigative journalism has been associated particularly with television and radio, with a whole genre of 'watchdog' programmes using the technique by the middle of the eighties in fields as diverse as consumerism and foreign aid.

Amateurs and intellectuals should not play at the hard and dirty business of investigative journalism.

Philip Howard We Thundered Out (1985), p. 66

It may be that...the contemporary 'investigative

reporter', in contemporary myth, and even by his own account, is inevitably a sort of scoundrel.

New Yorker 23 June 1986, p. 53

Quality programmes such as drama and plays are expensive to produce, as is investigative journalism and high-standard current affairs and documentaries.

Which? Feb. 1990, p. 84

See also pilger

in vitro fertilization

(Health and Fitness) (Science and Technology) see IVF

9.6 Iran-contra...

Iran-contra

(Politics) see contra

Irangate (Politics) see -gate

irradiation

noun (Environment) (Health and Fitness) (Lifestyle and Leisure)

The treatment of food with a small dose of radiation (in the form of gamma rays) as a means of arresting the development of bacteria and so extending the food's shelf-life. (Frequently in the longer form food irradiation.)

Etymology: A specialized application of the standard sense of irradiation, 'the process of irradiating'.

History and Usage: The technique of irradiation for preserving food is not new (it was discovered in the fifties), but the sale of irradiated food was the subject of considerable debate in the second half of the eighties, bringing the already emotionally-loaded words irradiation and irradiated into the public eye.

'Now we've got irradiation to worry about, too,' points

out Francesca Annis, shaking her head in disbelief that later this year it will become legal to 'zap' food with radiation, to kill off bacteria and prolong its safe

shelf life. 'But nobody knows what the long term risks of eating irradiated food will be.'

She Oct. 1989, p. 18

See also Dutching

9.7 Italian house...

Italian house

(Music) (Youth Culture) see house

it's more than my job's worth

(People and Society) see jobsworth

9.8 IVF

IVF

abbreviation (Health and Fitness) (Science and Technology)

Short for in vitro fertilization, a technique for helping infertile couples to conceive, in which eggs taken from the woman are fertilized with her partner's sperm in a laboratory

and some are then reimplanted in the womb. (Known colloquially as the test-tube baby technique.)

Etymology: The initial letters of In Vitro Fertilization; in vitro is Latin for 'in glass' (i.e. the laboratory 'test-tube'--although it is actually a small dish that is used).

History and Usage: The technique was pioneered in the late seventies by British obstetrician Mr Patrick Steptoe. During the eighties it became available to larger numbers of women as one of the two principal means of helping infertile couples to have a child (the other being GIFT). IVF has been criticized on

moral grounds because fertilized eggs (held by some to be living beings from the moment of fertilization) are necessarily wasted in the process, and also because of the high incidence of multiple births resulting from the technique.

The Hammersmith technique is one of several new off-shoots of IVF, originally designed for the one-in-10 couples who are infertile and of whom an estimated 25 per cent may benefit from IVF techniques.

Guardian 19 July 1989, p. 27

Clinics are monitored by an interim licensing authority, which is concerned about the number of multiple births and says the Government is throwing away an opportunity to reduce the IVF death rate.

Sunday Correspondent 6 May 1990, p. 3

See also ZIFT

10.0J

10.1jack...

jack

(Music) (Youth Culture) see house

jack up

(Drugs) see crank

jam

(Music) (Youth Culture) see def

Jazzercise

noun (Health and Fitness) (Lifestyle and Leisure)

The trade mark of a physical exercise programme normally carried out in a class to the accompaniment of jazz music.

Etymology: Formed by telescoping jazz and exercise to make a blend, after the model of dancercise (a similar American invention of the sixties).

History and Usage: Jazzercise originated in the US, where the trade mark was first registered in 1977, claiming a first use in 1974. The programme was invented in 1969 by Judi Sheppard

Misset, an American jazz-dance instructor, but only named Jazzercise some years later. Jazzercise was one of many physical exercise programmes competing for coverage in the fitness-conscious eighties: compare aerobics, Aquarobics, and Callanetics. Although protected by trade mark registration for Misset's programme of exercises, the word is sometimes used without a capital initial in the more general sense of any exercise done to jazz music.

She wanted to know whether in the jazzercise routine done to the words 'I want a man with a slow hand' your hips bumped left or right on 'hand'.

New Yorker 27 Aug. 1984, p. 36

Jazzercise, the keep-fit regimen for women of the '80s, should not be overdone...'Jazzercise is not a gruelling thing but it does provide the basis for a good fitness program.'

Sun (Brisbane) 21 Sept. 1988, p. 17

10.2 jack...

jazz-funk (Music) (Youth Culture) see funk

10.3 job-sharing...

job-sharing

noun Also written jobsharing or job sharing (Business World) (People and Society)

A working arrangement in which two or more people share the hours of work, duties, and pay of a single post.

Etymology: Formed by compounding: the sharing of a job.

History and Usage: The idea of job-sharing has been discussed since the early seventies, but was rarely put into practice

before the early eighties. In the campaign to attract more women back into the job market, job-sharing offers greater flexibility

than the traditional approach of one person, one job, but it requires considerable co-operation between the job-holders (or job-sharers). The verb job-share has been back-formed from job-sharing, and job-share is also used as a noun, for the post affected by job-sharing, in attributive phrases such as job-share scheme, or as a synonym for job-sharing itself. In the

UK a programme of job-splitting (in which employers were given incentives for splitting full-time posts into two or more

part-time ones) was tried in the mid eighties.

John Lee...said at Jobshare's national launch in Manchester...the job-splitting scheme...had not been a big success.

Independent 7 Apr. 1987, p. 5

Many are women who left teaching to have a family and have not returned. To attract them back there will need more flexible working hours (both job share and part-time), refresher courses and priority in the queue for nursery school places.

Guardian 18 July 1989, p. 22

jobsworth noun (People and Society)

An employee or official who upholds petty rules and bureaucracy for their own sake.

Etymology: A contraction of the phrase 'it's more than my job's worth (not) to'--the supposed justification that such a person would give for petty insistence on the rule.

History and Usage: A peculiarly British word, jobsworth has been in colloquial use since the early seventies. It was brought to greater prominence from the early eighties by television comedians; when, in September 1982, the well-known television consumer programme That's Life invented a jobsworth award (in the form of a gaudy commissionaire's hat) for the official who insisted on the silliest rule, its place in the language was assured. Introducing the award, Esther Rantzen said it was for 'the stupidest rule and the official who stamps on the most toes to uphold it', and Jeremy Taylor sang a song entitled

Jobsworth--actually composed some years earlier for a revue--in honour of its first presentation, to a council which would not allow a woman to erect a white marble headstone on her husband's grave.

Andropov turned out to have learned nothing at all since, as the imperial governor-general in Hungary in 1956, he carried out the crushing of the Revolution; a bureaucratic jobsworth, his reign was as useless as it was mercifully brief.

The Times 9 Mar. 1987, p. 12

Now, we all know park-keepers--'jobsworths' to the man. ('It's more than my job's worth to let you in here/play ball/walk on the grass/film my ducks.')

Punch 20 May 1987, p. 47

I was suddenly accosted by a Jobsworth who uttered the classic words, 'You can't do that in here.'

Personal Computer World Dec. 1989, p. 122

jojoba noun (Lifestyle and Leisure)

A desert shrub belonging to the box family, whose seeds contain an oil which is used as a lubricant and in cosmetics. Also, the oil which comes from these seeds.

Etymology: The Mexican Spanish common name of the shrub Simmondsia chinensis.

History and Usage: The word is not new to American English, but only became current among British English speakers as a result

of a flurry of interest in jojoba oil from the mid seventies onwards, first as a substitute for sperm whale oil and later as an ingredient of soaps and cosmetics. The first cosmetics containing jojoba were marketed in the early eighties.

The Renewer Lotion contains collagen, jojoba oil and a special firming ingredient to smooth and soften the skin and increase cell renewal.

Look Now Oct. 1986, p. 68

journo noun (Lifestyle and Leisure)

In media slang (originally in Australia): a journalist.

Etymology: Formed by abbreviating journalist and adding the colloquial suffix -o (as in milko for milkman, etc.). This suffix is particularly popular in forming Australian nicknames and colloquialisms: see also muso.

History and Usage: In use for several decades in Australia, journo was popularized in the British newspapers from the mid eighties onwards, especially by the columnist Philip Howard. The word's popularity in the late eighties perhaps reflects the

fashion for things Australian in the entertainment world generally; in particular, the ownership of many British

newspapers by Australian tycoon Rupert Murdoch, and the fashion for Australian soap operas and television series, which have brought Australian forms of speech into prominence.

You meet a better class of person there [at a girl's school] than egocentric journos.

The Times 20 July 1984, p. 10

Compared to the excesses for which Fleet Street journos are traditionally noted, chocolate addiction seems positively virtuous.

She Aug. 1990, p. 69

10.4 jukebox...

jukebox noun Also written juke-box (Science and Technology)

In computing jargon, an optical storage device containing a number of CDs and a mechanism for loading each one as required for the retrieval of data.

Etymology: A figurative use of jukebox; like the musical

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