Barrons Publishing Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms 10th
.pdf
zombie |
546 |
built-in ZIP compression feature of Windows. (ZIP files are not related in any way to Iomega Zip drives.)
zombie a computer infected by a VIRUS that makes it perform some action on behalf of the virus author, such as distributing SPAM or carrying out a distributed DENIAL-OF-SERVICE ATTACK, without the knowledge of the computer owner. See DDOS.
zool [sic] see XUL.
zoom
1. (in graphics editing) to magnify a small area of a document on the screen. The amount of zoom is usually expressed as a percentage and displayed in a status line. To zoom in is to increase the magnification; to zoom out is to return to normal view (Figure 309).
FIGURE 309. Zoom (definition 1)
2. (in photography) to change the focal length, and hence the magnification of the camera lens (Figure 310). OPTICAL ZOOM changes the spacing of lens elements to form a larger image, revealing more detail. DIGITAL ZOOM takes the existing pixels and spreads them farther apart (see RESAMPLE); the digitally enlarged image does not contain any more detail than it did before zooming. A lens marked “3× zoom” has a focal length that is 3 times as long at maximum as at minimum. See also
FOCAL LENGTH.
FIGURE 309. Zoom (definition 2)
z/OS the newest operating system in the OS/360 lineage for IBM MAINFRAME COMPUTERS, combining MVS with UNIX compatibility. This allows the newest Internet technology to be combined with long-estab- lished mainframe data processing systems. See MVS; OS/360; POSIX.
VISUAL DICTIONARY OF CHARACTERS AND SYMBOLS
Many symbols fall into more than one category. For the Greek alphabet, see page 6. For symbols used in diagrams, see ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT SYMBOLS and FLOWCHART.
Computer Keyboard Symbols
^circumflex, hat
~tilde
`grave accent, backquote
’upright quotation mark, apostrophe ‘ left quotation mark
’right quotation mark, apostrophe
“double quotation mark
@at sign
#pound sign, crosshatch, octothorpe
$ |
dollar sign |
%percent sign
& ampersand
+plus sign
–minus sign, hyphen
_ |
underscore mark |
=equal sign
*asterisk
/slash
\backslash
| |
vertical bar, pipe |
< > |
less than/greater than or angle brackets |
( ) |
parentheses, round brackets |
[ ] |
square brackets |
{} braces, curly brackets
¬not sign (EBCDIC)
Note: In ASCII, ’ is equivalent to ’ and ` is equivalent to ‘.
547
VISUAL DICTIONARY OF CHARACTERS AND SYMBOLS 548
“Emoticons” used in e-mail
:) smiling face (happiness, amusement)
:( frowning face (sadness, disappointment) -) tongue in cheek
;-) winking
=:-O scared or surprised
^.^; distressed (with drops of sweat)
Commercial and Scientific Symbols
@at, price each
# identifying number or pounds (weight) % percent (per hundred)
0/00 per mil (per thousand)
°degrees
liters (obsolete; use L instead)
Ωohms
μmicro- (millionths)
©copyright
$ |
dollars, pesos |
¥yen
£ pounds (currency)
€Euro sign
549 VISUAL DICTIONARY OF CHARACTERS AND SYMBOLS
English Punctuation Marks
. period
,comma
:colon
;semicolon
! exclamation mark
?question mark
-hyphen
–en dash, minus sign
—em dash
. . . |
ellipsis dots |
’upright single quotation mark, apostrophe " upright double quotation mark
‘ left single quotation mark “ left double quotation mark
’right single quotation mark, apostrophe
” right double quotation mark * asterisk (first footnote)
†dagger (second footnote)
‡ double dagger (third footnote)
§section mark
¶ paragraph mark (pilcrow)
•bullet (to mark list items)
Accents
áacute accent
a˝ |
double acute accent |
àgrave accent
âcircumflex
äumlaut or dieresis
ãtilde
a¯ |
macron (long vowel mark) |
a˘ |
breve (short vowel mark) |
cˇ |
wedge (hachek) |
çcedilla
VISUAL DICTIONARY OF CHARACTERS AND SYMBOLS 550
Other Foreign Characters
,,“ German quotation marks
«» French quotation marks (guillemets) ¿ Spanish inverted question mark
¡ Spanish inverted exclamation mark
ß German ss (estsett)
Ææ AE digraph
Œœ OE digraph
Åå A with circle (Scandinavian)
Ø ø O with slash (Scandinavian) x Barred L (Polish)
·
I i I ı Dotted and dotless I (Turkish)
Arithmetic and Algebra
=equals
≠does not equal
≈, is approximately equal to
>is greater than
≥ is greater than or equal to
<is less than
≤is less than or equal to
+addition
–subtraction
×, · |
multiplication |
÷, / |
division |
|
square root |
n |
nth root |
!factorial
|x | |
absolute value of x |
∞infinity
is proportional to
x change in x
integral
∂partial derivative
551 VISUAL DICTIONARY OF CHARACTERS AND SYMBOLS
x, (x)
x
–p, ¬p, ~ p p ^ q, p & q
p ^ q p q
p → q, p q p ↔ q, p ≡ q p q
{a, b, c}
Ø
\
Mathematical Logic
universal quantifier (“for all x...”) existential quantifier (“there exists an x...”) negation (“not p”)
conjunction (“p and q”) disjunction (“p or q”)
exclusive-or (“p or q but not both”) implication (“if p then q”) equivalence (“p if and only if q”) from p one can derive q
Set Theory
set whose members are a, b, and c empty set
set union (elements in one or both of two sets) set intersection (elements shared by two sets) set subtraction (elements in one set and not the other)
is an element of is a subset of
is a subset of or equals
COUNTRY CODES FOR
TOP-LEVEL DOMAINS
.ac |
Ascension Island |
.cg |
Congo, Republic of |
.ad |
Andorra |
.ch |
Switzerland |
.ae |
United Arab Emirates |
|
(Confœderatio |
.af |
Afghanistan |
|
Helvetica) |
.ag |
Antigua and Barbuda |
.ci |
Cote d’Ivoire |
.ai |
Anguilla |
.ck |
Cook Islands |
.al |
Albania |
.cl |
Chile |
.am |
Armenia |
.cm |
Cameroon |
.an |
Netherlands Antilles |
.cn |
China |
.ao |
Angola |
.co |
Colombia |
.aq |
Antarctica |
.cr |
Costa Rica |
.ar |
Argentina |
.cu |
Cuba |
.as |
American Samoa |
.cv |
Cape Verde |
.at |
Austria |
.cx |
Christmas Island |
.au |
Australia |
.cy |
Cyprus |
.aw |
Aruba |
.cz |
Czech Republic |
.az |
Azerbaijan |
.de |
Germany (Deutschland) |
.ba |
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
.dj |
Djibouti |
.bb |
Barbados |
.dk |
Denmark |
.bd |
Bangladesh |
.dm |
Dominica |
.be |
Belgium |
.do |
Dominican Republic |
.bf |
Burkina Faso |
.dz |
Algeria |
.bg |
Bulgaria |
.ec |
Ecuador |
.bh |
Bahrain |
.ee |
Estonia |
.bi |
Burundi |
.eg |
Egypt |
.bj |
Benin |
.eh |
Western Sahara |
.bm |
Bermuda |
.er |
Eritrea |
.bn |
Brunei Darussalam |
.es |
Spain (España) |
.bo |
Bolivia |
.et |
Ethiopia |
.br |
Brazil |
.fi |
Finland |
.bs |
Bahamas |
.fj |
Fiji |
.bt |
Bhutan |
.fk |
Falkland Islands |
.bv |
Bouvet Island |
|
(Malvinas) |
.bw |
Botswana |
.fm |
Micronesia |
.by |
Belarus |
.fo |
Faroe Islands |
.bz |
Belize |
.fr |
France |
.ca |
Canada |
.ga |
Gabon |
.cc |
Cocos Islands |
.gd |
Grenada |
.cd |
Congo |
.ge |
Georgia |
.cf |
Central African |
.gf |
French Guiana |
|
Republic |
.gg |
Guernsey |
552
553 |
COUNTRY CODES FOR TOP-LEVEL DOMAINS |
||
.gh |
Ghana |
.la |
Laos |
.gi |
Gibraltar |
.lb |
Lebanon |
.gl |
Greenland |
.lc |
Saint Lucia |
.gm |
Gambia |
.li |
Liechtenstein |
.gn |
Guinea |
.lk |
Sri Lanka |
.gp |
Guadeloupe |
.lr |
Liberia |
.gq |
Equatorial Guinea |
.ls |
Lesotho |
.gr |
Greece |
.lt |
Lithuania |
.gs |
South Georgia and the |
.lu |
Luxembourg |
|
South Sandwich Islands |
.lv |
Latvia |
.gt |
Guatemala |
.ly |
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya |
.gu |
Guam |
.ma |
Morocco |
.gw |
Guinea-Bissau |
.mc |
Monaco |
.gy |
Guyana |
.md |
Moldova |
.hk |
Hong Kong |
.mg |
Madagascar |
.hm |
Heard and McDonald |
.mh |
Marshall Islands |
|
Islands |
.mk |
Macedonia (former |
.hn |
Honduras |
|
Yugoslav Republic) |
.hr |
Croatia/Hrvatska |
.ml |
Mali |
.ht |
Haiti |
.mm |
Myanmar |
.hu |
Hungary |
.mn |
Mongolia |
.id |
Indonesia |
.mo |
Macau |
.ie |
Ireland |
.mp |
Northern Mariana |
.il |
Israel |
|
Islands |
.im |
Isle of Man |
.mq |
Martinique |
.in |
India |
.mr |
Mauritania |
.io |
British Indian Ocean |
.ms |
Montserrat |
|
Territory |
.mt |
Malta |
.iq |
Iraq |
.mu |
Mauritius |
.ir |
Iran |
.mv |
Maldives |
.is |
Iceland |
.mw |
Malawi |
.it |
Italy |
.mx |
Mexico |
.je |
Jersey |
.my |
Malaysia |
.jm |
Jamaica |
.mz |
Mozambique |
.jo |
Jordan |
.na |
Namibia |
.jp |
Japan |
.nc |
New Caledonia |
.ke |
Kenya |
.ne |
Niger |
.kg |
Kyrgyzstan |
.nf |
Norfolk Island |
.kh |
Cambodia (Kampuchea) |
.ng |
Nigeria |
.ki |
Kiribati |
.ni |
Nicaragua |
.km |
Comoros |
.nl |
Netherlands |
.kn |
Saint Kitts and Nevis |
.no |
Norway |
.kp |
North Korea |
.np |
Nepal |
.kr |
South Korea |
.nr |
Nauru |
.kw |
Kuwait |
.nu |
Niue |
.ky |
Cayman Islands |
.nz |
New Zealand |
.kz |
Kazakhstan |
.om |
Oman |
COUNTRY CODES FOR TOP-LEVEL DOMAINS |
554 |
|||
.pa |
Panama |
.tf |
French Southern |
|
.pe |
Peru |
|
Territories |
|
.pf |
French Polynesia |
.tg |
Togo |
|
.pg |
Papua New Guinea |
.th |
Thailand |
|
.ph |
Philippines |
.tj |
Tajikistan |
|
.pk |
Pakistan |
.tk |
Tokelau |
|
.pl |
Poland |
.tm |
Turkmenistan |
|
.pm |
St. Pierre and Miquelon |
.tn |
Tunisia |
|
.pn |
Pitcairn Island |
.to |
Tonga |
|
.pr |
Puerto Rico |
.tp |
East Timor |
|
.ps |
Palestinian Territories |
.tr |
Turkey |
|
.pt |
Portugal |
.tt |
Trinidad and Tobago |
|
.pw |
Palau |
.tv |
Tuvalu |
|
.py |
Paraguay |
.tw |
Taiwan |
|
.qa |
Qatar |
.tz |
Tanzania |
|
.re |
Reunion Island |
.ua |
Ukraine |
|
.ro |
Romania |
.ug |
Uganda |
|
.ru |
Russian Federation |
.uk |
United Kingdom |
|
.rw |
Rwanda |
.um |
U.S. Minor Outlying |
|
.sa |
Saudi Arabia |
|
Islands |
|
.sb |
Solomon Islands |
.us |
United States |
|
.sc |
Seychelles |
.uy |
Uruguay |
|
.sd |
Sudan |
.uz |
Uzbekistan |
|
.se |
Sweden |
.va |
Holy See |
|
.sg |
Singapore |
|
(Vatican City State) |
|
.sh |
St. Helena |
.vc |
Saint Vincent and |
|
.si |
Slovenia |
|
the Grenadines |
|
.sj |
Svalbard and Jan Mayen |
.ve |
Venezuela |
|
|
Islands |
.vg |
Virgin Islands (British) |
|
.sk |
Slovak Republic |
.vi |
Virgin Islands (U.S.) |
|
.sl |
Sierra Leone |
.vn |
Vietnam |
|
.sm |
San Marino |
.vu |
Vanuatu |
|
.sn |
Senegal |
.wf |
Wallis and Futuna |
|
.so |
Somalia |
|
Islands |
|
.sr |
Suriname |
.ws |
Western Samoa |
|
.st |
Sao Tome and Principe |
.ye |
Yemen |
|
.sv |
El Salvador |
.yt |
Mayotte |
|
.sy |
Syrian Arab Republic |
.yu |
Yugoslavia |
|
.sz |
Swaziland |
.za |
South Africa |
|
.tc |
Turks and Caicos Islands |
.zm |
Zambia |
|
.td |
Chad (Tchad) |
.zw |
Zimbabwe |
|
For explanation, and for international top-level domains such as .com, see TLD.