II. Ударение на втором компоненте.

К данной группе относятся сложные существительные, в которых ведущим компонентом является второй элемент, и, который выделен главным ударением. Первый элемент получает второстепенное ударение.К данной группе относятся сложные существительные со структурами:

1. Существительное+существительное. Первый компонент сложного слова представляет ‘материал из которого выполнен второй’: cotton dress;

2. Прилагательное+существительное: winning stroke. Исключения составляют: greenback, blind spot, dental floss, easy chair, broadband, greenhouse;

3. Герундий+существительное: dining area;

4. Причастие II+существительное: lost property.

5. Определение + существительное: good will. Исключения:easy street, evening school, night school.

3. Некоторые сложные существительные, образованные от свободных сочетаний ‘прилагательное + существительное’ не изменили свое ударение на стандартную для сложных существительных модель ударения на первом слове. Такие сложные существительные произносятся с двумя сильными ударениями на двух компонентах, а главное ударение падает на второй компонент.

Изменение ударения в слове changing of word stress

Акцентная структура слова может быть изменена, если в выказывании оно противопоставляется другому слову. Например, во фразе It’s not a postman, it’s a postwoman сложное слово postman противопоставляется слову postwoman и ударение переносится с первого компонента на второй, поскольку компонент ‘man’ контрастирует с компонентом ‘woman’.

При наличии противопоставления в сложных словах обычно происходит перенос ударения с первого компонента на второй, что делает акцентную структуру сложных слов сходной с ударением в словосочетаниях:

- Oh, you’ve bought a new telephone.

- No, not a telephone, a telescope.

И, наоборот, иногда акцентная структура словосочетания может строиться по аналогии со сложным словом:

- Would you like a cheese sandwich?

- I’d rather have a tomato sandwich.

Ударение в слове может измениться в зависимости от положения слова во фразе. Ударение переносится вперёд, если слово или словосочетание функционируют во фразе в качестве определения к другому слову:

a Princess – Diana, Princess of Wales.

Если слово в изолированном прочтении имеет два ударения, то в связной речи оно может терять одно из ударений. В зависимости от ударности или не ударности рядом стоящего слова утрачивается первое или второе ударение.

Данное правило относится как к словам с двумя равными по силе ударениями, так и к словам с главным и второстепенным ударениями:

I agree absolutely – I’m absolutely sure.

LISTENING PRACTICE & MEMORY WORK

The owl and the pussy-cat

(by Edward Lear)

I

The Owl and the Pussy-cat went to sea

In a beautiful pea green boat,

They took some honey, and plenty of money,

Wrapped up in a five pound note.

The Owl looked up to the stars above,

And sang to a small guitar,

‘O lovely Pussy! O Pussy my love,

What a beautiful Pussy you are,

You are,

You are!

What a beautiful Pussy you are!’

II

Pussy said to the Owl, ‘You elegant fowl!

How charmingly sweet you sing!

O let us be married! Too long we have tarried:

But what shall we do for a ring?’

They sailed away, for a year and a day,

To the land where the Bong-tree grows

And there in a wood a Piggy-wig stood

With a ring at the end of his nose,

His nose,

His nose,

With a ring at the end of his nose.

III

‘Dear pig, are you willing to sell for one shilling

Your ring?’ Said the Piggy, ‘I will.’

So they took it away, and were married next day

By the Turkey who lives on the hill.

They dined on mince, and slices of quince,

Which they ate with a runcible spoon;

And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand,

They danced by the light of the moon,

The moon,

The moon,

They danced by the light of the moon.

Career Prospects

Susan How have you two sons been doing at school lately, Andy?

Andy Terrible! James never starts working, and Malcolm never stops working.

Susan You’re joking, of course. I hear that Malcolm is likely to win all the prizes in the exams this year.

Andy Yes, so the teachers say. But he deserves to do well. He’s always been so conscientious and hard-working, and he’s been slaving at his books every evening for months on end recently. He wants to go to Oxford University next year.

Susan Maybe he’ll become a university lecturer himself eventually.

Andy Maybe. But I think he studies too hard; I sometimes wish he’d go out and enjoy himself for a change.

Susan Yes … What about the younger one?

Andy Well, James’ teachers say that he has ability, but that he is too inconsistent and that he rarely does his best. In other words, he’s not bad when he makes an effort, but he’s too idle. He couldn’t care less about exams. He does his homework in ten minutes every evening and then rushes out to play tennis.

Susan He’s crazy about tennis, isn’t he? Perhaps he can make his fortune at it. You can make more money from sport than from an old-fashioned profession these days.

Andy So I believe. But my wife always worries about the children’s future. She wants James to give up tennis and study law, but I don’t believe in forcing boys to take up careers they’re not cut out for. I wonder how James’ll develop in a couple of years’ time.

The Camel’s Hump

(by Rudyard Kipling)

The Camel’s hump is an ugly lump

Which well you may see at the Zoo.

But uglier yet is the hump we get

From having too little to do.

Kiddies and grown-ups too-oo-oo.

If we haven’t enough to do-oo-oo.

We get the hump-

Camelious hump-

The hump that is black and blue!

I get it as well as you-oo-oo.

If haven’t enough to do-oo-oo!

We all get hump-

Camelious hump-

Kiddies and grown-ups tool.

Sea or Air

Susan Are you looking forward to your trip to Canada, Julie?

Julie I can’t wait to see Canada, Susan, but I’m scared stiff of a journey. My husband insists on flying, but I want to sail. Planes make me nervous.

Susan There’s nothing to be frightened of. How many planes fly across the Atlantic every day?

Julie I’ve no idea. Hundreds, I suppose.

Susan And how often do you hear of a crash?... Once or twice a year?

Julie Yes, but airplanes fly so high and fast that once is enough.

Susan Look, there are more road casualties per day than air deaths per year. Air transport is really safe compared with road transport.

Julie I’d still prefer to go by sea. Ships may not travel fast but at least you can relax. I’d love a trip on a luxury liner like the Queen Elizabeth II.

Susan It’s fine if you’re a good sailor, but have you ever travelled far in a rough sea?

Julie No. I’ve only been to a boat once. I’ve sailed down the River Thames on a sightseeing tour… But in any case I’d rather be sea-sick than dead.

Balls

(by Alfred H. Miles)

And there are many other balls,

We find a pleasure’s source –

The croquet-ball, the hockey-ball.

The skittle-ball, lacrosse.

And smaller balls, the marble balls,

And bearing balls, of course.

The earth’s a ball, on which we play, with other balls in sight.

The ball of gold that plays by day.

The silver ball by night.

And all the stars, for what are they

But balls of golden light?

The Lost Tie

Mike Have you seen my new tie, mum?

Mother Which new tie?

Mike The red one I bought in London a couple of weeks ago. I wore it to the dinner party at the Dawsons’ place on Saturday, and I haven’t worn it or seen it since.

Mother No, I don’t think I’ve seen it this week, but have you looked for it properly? I expect you threw it carelessly into the back of the wardrobe after the party – the way you usually do.

Mike I’ve looked for it everywhere. And it’s not in the wardrobe. Have you tidied up my bedroom again and put all my things away n new places where I’ll never find them?

Mother I always put your ties away in the wardrobe where they belong, so don’t blame me. Are you sure you haven’t worn that tie since Saturday?

Mike No, I don’t think so.

Mother On Tuesday you went out with Janet and I think you put it on then. You didn’t come in until one o’clock in the morning and I was already in bed. Perhaps you took it off in Janet’s house and left it there.

Mike Ah! I remember now. It was a bit hot and I took my tie off in the car on the way home on Tuesday. I suppose it’s still on the shelf under the dashboard.

Mother As usual you’ve only got yourself to blame. It’s a good job your head is firmly fixed on your shoulders – otherwise I’m sure you’d lose that too.

Grizzly Bear

(by Mary Austin)

If you ever, ever, ever meet grizzly bear,

You must never, never, never ask him where

He is going.

Or what he is doing.

For if you ever, ever dare

To stop a grizzly bear

You will never meet another grizzly bear.

To Give or Not to Give

Diane Oh… I’m sick of shopping now. These bags are too heavy!

Charles Yeah. Let’s go home… Oh no, here we go again…

Beggar Can you spare any change, sir? For the homeless.

Charles No, I’m sorry.

Diane Wait a minute. Here you are.

Beggar Thanks, luv. Have a nice day.

Charles You mustn’t give those people any money, Diane.

Diane Why not? I think we should help people who can’t help themselves. It can’t be easy living on the streets.

Charles If they’re homeless, it’s because they want to be. There are plenty of hostels and places they can stay.

Diane Hmm. What would you think if you had no money and saw people like us with load of shopping bags walking past all day, ignoring you? How would you feel?

Charles They get plenty of money from the government…

Diane Oh, really?

Charles Yes. They spend the money they get from begging on drugs and alcohol. That’s the only reason they ask for more and mugs like you give it to them!

Diane I don’t think it’s that simple, Charles. Many beggars have mental problems, like depression. And anyway, living that kind of life no wonder they start drinking and taking drugs.

Charles He was only, what, mid-twenties? Perfectly fit. He could get a job today if he wanted. When I was his age I had a job. I was working for my money, not begging for it. But people like him, they could easily get a job if they wanted one; the fact is, they know they can have a perfectly cushy life thanks to the government and people like you.

Diane Cushy? I wouldn’t call that kind of life cushy. Whatever the reason for it, people who beg on the streets have a hard life. Anyway, I don’t like talking about this kind of thing. Let’s just forget it.

WRITTEN PRACTICE

1. Протранскрибируйте следующие двусложные слова. Распределите их в две группы:существительное –глагол.Поставьте ударение.

conduct	escort	object	protest
contract	export	permit	rebel
contrast	import	present	record
desert	insult	produce	subject

2. Протранскрибируйте следующие двусложные существительные и прилагательные. Поставьте ударение.

carpet	funny	lesson	region
careless	illness	statement	teacher
city	instinct	student	useful
convict	local	symbol	vocal

3. Протранскрибируйте следующие многосложные существительные и прилагательные.Поставьте ударение.

approval	election	delicate	graduate
confusion	director	excellent	instinctive
consumer	confidence	favourite	symbolic
correctness	curious	government	wonderful

4. Протранскрибируйте следующие глаголы. Распределите их по трем группам:\

глаголы с [ə] в безударном слоге	глаголы с [i] в безударном слоге	глаголы с [i] или [ə] в безударном слоге
abridge	insert	seduce

absorb	allow	avoid	bereave	rebel
abuse	amuse	become	beseech	record
account	announce	behave	collapse	regret
accuse	avert	believe	collect	rehearse
collide	compose	debate	deny	sustain
command	conduct	decide	derive	subject
compare	confide	defect	devote	subvert
compete	conserve	defy	distract	suffice
endure	equip	forget	import	refer
enforce	escape	forgive	impute	remove
engage	escort	ignore	incline	secure
enquire	ferment	implode	infect	subside
include	obstruct	police	present	secrete
invite	offend	pollute	presume	survey
object	persuade	prefer	produce	suspect
observe	pervert	prepare	protect

5. Протранскрибируйте следующие глаголы. Обратите внимание на суффиксы, влияющие на постановку ударения на последнем слоге -ate, -ise (ize), -ite, -fy, -ny:

agitate	advertise	ignite	defy
dictate	surprise	collide	deny
elate	realize	confide	reply

6. Протранскрибируйте следующие трехсложные глаголы. Обратите внимание на постановку ударения:

abolish	awaken	continue	dissemble	enliven
accomplish	bewilder	determine	encourage	resemble
admonish	consider	develop	endanger	surrender

7. Протранскрибируйте следующие слова с приставками: co-, counter-, de-, hyper-, pre-, re-, super-, under-. Поставьте ударение.

coexist	counterpart	de-ink	intercontinental	supermarket
cooperate	counterproductive	deinstall	interface	supermodel
coordinate	decapitalize	deseed	pre-arrange	superbundant
cowriter	de-energize	hyperactive	pre-contract	rebadge
counterclaim	de-escalate	hyperspace	precook	rebalance
counternatural	de-ice	hypertext	predate	underage

8. Протранскрибируйте следующие глаголы. Распределите их по колонкам, следуя примеру:

глаголы с приставками, состоящими из двух слогов	глаголы с приставками, добавленными к глаголу с структурой оО	глаголы с двумя односложными приставками
contradict	recommend	comprehend

apprehend	disallow	interfere	reabsorb
coincide	disappoint	intervene	undertake
contravene	introduce	overwhelm	understand

9. Протранскрибируйте следующие глаголы с суффиксами. Поставьте ударение.

amplify	congregate	formulate	institute	occupy
assimilate	constitute	fortify	limit	personify
clarify	dignify	identify	multiply	substitute

10. Протранскрибируйте следующие слова. Распределите их по столбикамв зависимости от положения ударения:

Ooo	оOо	ооО
technic(al)	banana	understand

engagement	phonetic	syllabus
kangaroo	substitute	usherette

11. Протранскрибируйте следующие существительные, обращая внимание на постановку ударения:

adoption	congratulation	fission	musician	realization
aggravation	contradiction	fusion	nation	recommendation
Asian	соordination	indecision	option	repudiation
apprehension	confusion	introduction	prosecution	simplification
comprehension	damnation	magnification	qualification	substitution
condemnation	disillusion	multiplication	reabsorption	technician

12. Протранскрибируйте следующие слова. Распределите их по столбикам в зависимости от положения ударения:

Ооо	оОоо	OоОоо
feelingly	identity	incapacity

amazingly	gastronomy	lavatory	perversity	secretory
apathy	genealogy	mercifully	philanthropy	surgery
canopy	gracefully	modernity	piety	therapy
capability	impiety	multiplicity	politically	unbelievably
cardiology	inconceivably	mystery	psychology	ungracefully
ethnicity	infirmity	oratory	regulatory	voluntary

13. Протранскрибируйте следующие слова с суффиксами -ese, -esque, -ette, -ique, -ee/ier, -eer:

bandoleer	diskette	launderette	pioneer	statuette
Burmese	evacuee	mountaineer	Portuguese	technique
Chinese	Japanese	oblique	referee	unique
cigarette	journalese	picturesque	refugee	volunteer

14. Протранскрибируйте следующие сложные существительные:

1. Noun +Noun:

bloodsucker	children home	hitchhiker	policeman
bookshop	classroom	landlady	postman
brainstorm	egghead	mathematics teacher	schoolgirl
bus stop	evening dress	nose job	teapot

2. Adjective+Noun:

bighead	greenback	hundredweight	shortbread
bluebottle	greenhouse	longboat	shorthand
broadside	hardware	redhead	smalltalk

3. Geund+Noun:

baking powder	ironing board	running track	swimming pool
breathing space	moving van	skipping rope	winning stroke

4. Verb+Preposition:

breakthrough	follow-up	sit up	talkback
drive-in	putdown	standby	turn up
flyby	shutdown	stop over	walkout
flyover	sit-in	take off	wind-up

5. Verb+Noun:

cut-throat	drophead	runway
driveway	makeweight	swimwear

6. Preposition+Verb:

bypass	offcut	throughput
input	overpass	underwear

7. Greek/Latin elements:

acrobat	epigram	lithograph	symphony
acronym	gramophone	microphone	synonym
autocrat	homophone	paragraph	technocrat
biopsy	isobar	photograph	thermostat

UNIT III