- •Unit I
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Passive structures and their message
- •Ambiguous Ved forms
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Study and research
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate into English:
- •V3. Read and translate Text 1 about scientific research in Supplementary reading. Pick up words and expressions which can be of use for you.
- •II. Рассмотрим перевод некоторых грамматических конструкций, содержащих ing-формы.
- •Pure and applied science
- •Automation in the research process
- •Ambiguous combinations of Ving and n
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Experimental work
- •V1. Translate into Russian.
- •V2 Translate into English.
- •V3. Read and translate Text 2 about empirical research in Supplementary Reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •The infinitive
- •Инфинитивные обороты
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Showing and proving
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate the words in brackets. Then translate the sentences into Russian:
- •V3. Translate into English:
- •V4. Read and translate Text 3 about evaluation of research results in Supplementary reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V5 Write a piece of 5-7 sentences to characterize the process of evaluating the data that you have obtained in the course of your research. Use grammar structures and vocabulary studied. Unit 4
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Modal verbs and their equivalents
- •Summary chart of modals and similar expressions
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Obtaining and analysing results
- •V1. Translate into English:
- •V2. Read and translate text 4 about analysis of research results in Supplementary Reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •Conditionals without if
- •Sentences with as if, as though
- •Object clauses with subjunctive
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Describing trends and tendencies
- •V1. There are a lot of verbs and nouns describing changes in size, number, price, value etc. Find the verbs that indicate an upward, downward or horizontal movement:
- •V2. Describe the rate and size of change observed:
- •V3. Complete the sentences with the prepositions: of, per, at, by, from…to.
- •V4. Translate into Russian:
- •V5. Read the example of a scatter graph description. Pick up words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V6. Write 5-7 sentences describing some trends in the field of your research. Unit 6
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Word building
- •Suffixes of the noun
- •The noun
- •2. Множественное число некоторых заимствованных из других языков существительных образуется по правилам этих языков:
- •3.Существительное в роли определителя: правило ряда
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate into English:
- •V3. Read and translate text 5 where fundamental science and experimental science are compared. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V4. Write an essay of 5-7 sentences comparing :
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Word building
- •Grammar слова-заместители
- •3) This, these:
- •Vocabulary
- •Emphasizing
- •Concluding
- •V1. Translate into Russian.
- •V2. Write an essay about your research work using all grammar structures and vocabulary studied. Unit 8
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Prepositions and conjunctions
- •Наиболее употребительные составные предлоги:
- •Наиболее употребительные составные союзы
- •Cлова, на которые следует обратить особое внимание
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •V1. Translate the sentences
- •V2. Make up a story about a scientist using idioms and expressions with the word “time”. You might start as follows:
- •To make and to do
- •V3. Complete the sentences with to make or to do in the proper form. Then translate them into Russian.
- •V4. Translate the sentences
- •V5. Continue the story about the scientist but this time try to use the verbs “to make” and “to do”. Unit 9 word building
- •Complex sentence
- •Vocabulary learn to deduce the meaning of english words:
- •Supplementary reading
- •Research
- •Empirical research
- •Evaluation and improvement
- •Aspects of validation
- •Analysis of research results
- •The process of data analysis
- •1. Data cleaning
- •2. Initial data analysis
- •3. Main data analysis
- •Fundamental science and applied science compared
- •Supplementary information most widespread abbreviations
- •Linking words and phrases
- •Table of mathematical symbols
- •Main sources of information
Ambiguous Ved forms
Patterns:
Prof. X proposed a new working hypothesis. - The hypothesis proposed by Prof. X accounts for all the experimental observations made. Предложенная профессором Х гипотеза объясняет все сделанные экспериментальные наблюдения.
The hypothesis proposed agreed with the experimental observations. (Thehypothesiswhichwasproposedagreed…) –Предложеннаягипотезасоответствовала экспериментальным наблюдениям.
Forsometimescientistsremained interestedintheproblem. – Интерес ученых к данной проблеме сохранялся в течение некоторого времени.
Theinstituteinstalled modernizedequipment. – Институтустановил современное(модернизированное) оборудование.
The equipment installed modernized our laboratory. – Установленное оборудование модернизировало нашу лабораторию.
G6. Translate the sentences:
B, C
1. The method applied increased the accuracy of the results. 2. After a heated discussion the laboratory applied the method improved by Dr. N. 3.The scientist theoretically predicted complicated interaction between the components involved in the process. 4. At that time the problem presented increased danger of radioactive contamination and encountered opposition at most laboratories concerned. 5. Heat resistant materials developed in the last decade produced a revolution in a number of industries. 6. The crystal produced revealed cracked faces. 7. The discovery followed by further experimental work stimulated research in this area. 8. The heads of laboratories were asked questions formulated and agreed upon by a group of sociologists. 9. The physicists showed that particles thought of as "elementary" were in fact "non-elementary". 10. The subjects dealt with under this topic aroused a fruitful discussion.
G7. Translate the text:
A, B
Last month our laboratory developed a new technique required for thermodynamic studies of a two-phase system. The technique allowed us to obtain results predicted by theory. The results obtained disagreed with earlier data reported by Dr. D. At our laboratory seminar Prof. S. suggested a new model to account for the mechanism of the process involved in the system. The model suggested described adequately the thermodynamic peculiarities studied by Dr.D.
Revision:
R1. Translate into Russian:
A.
1. These parts are made of steel. 2. The treatment of this theory was modified. 3. The initiative was supported by everybody. 4. The machine was tried under severe conditions. 5. The correctness of the conclusion was confirmed by many facts. 6. He will be asked many questions at the meeting. 7. She has been sent an invitation. 8. Modern architecture is characterized by simplicity of lines. 9. The importance of this phenomenon was underestimated. 10. Many questions were answered correctly. 11. This work is often referred to in special literature.
A, B
Experiment is the step in the scientific method that arbitrates between competing models or hypotheses. Experimentation is also used to test existing theories or new hypotheses in order to support them or disprove them. An experiment or test can be carried out using the scientific method to answer a question or investigate a problem. First an observation is made. Then a question is asked, or a problem arises. Next, a hypothesis is formed. Then experiment is used to test that hypothesis. The results are analyzed, a conclusion is drawn, sometimes a theory is formed, and results are communicated through research papers.
A good experiment usually tests a hypothesis. However, an experiment may also test a question or test previous results. It is important that one knows all factors in an experiment. It is also important that the results are as accurate as possible. If an experiment is carefully conducted, the results usually either support or disprove the hypothesis. An experiment can never "prove" a hypothesis, it can only add support. However, one repeatable experiment that provides a counterexample can disprove a theory or hypothesis. An experiment must also control the possible confounding factors -- any factors that would mar the accuracy or repeatability of the experiment or the ability to interpret the results.
B.
1. The usual procedure is the following: information storage is followed by information analysis. 2. The procedure proposed provided the required mechanism of reaction. 3. It must be admitted that the problem of science classification can be approached from several viewpoints. 4. Under these circumstances one is faced with a magnified form of danger common to all inventions: a tendency to use them whether or not the occasion demand. 5. Some aspects of the foregoing topics are dealt with in the next chapter, and a number of problems created by some of the new activities are mentioned but not discussed in detail. 6. No attempt has been made to list all the contributions in which different procedures have been developed and later used. 7. Recent discoveries in all sciences have been greatly assisted by the development in contemporary research techniques dealt with in the last section of the book. 8. An alternative to the models discussed above is the steady-state theory of continuous creation referred to earlier and depicted in Fig.1. 9. Mathematics is loved by many, disliked by a few, admired and respected by all. 10. In the following notice is chiefly taken of the former point.
R2. Translate into English
A, B.
Use the verbs: to affect; to allow; to attend; to develop; to deal with; to face; to follow; to make use of; to refer to :
1. За докладом последовала плодотворная дискуссия. 2.На скорость реакции влияет множество других факторов. 3. Этот вопрос будет подробно рассмотрен в следующей главе. 4.На этой стадии мы столкнулись с новыми трудностями. 5.Ему не дали возможности закончить эту работу. 6.В последнее время эта теория часто упоминается во многих статьях. 7.Семинар, на котором присутствовало всего 5 человек, прошел неинтересно. 8. Для того чтобы преодолеть эти недостатки, использовали новую методику, специально разработанную для данного эксперимента.
R3. Translate into English:
A, B
1. Проблема была впервые поставлена в 18 веке. 2. В лаборатории установлено новое оборудование. 3. Меня пригласили на конференцию. 4. Наша статья будет опубликована в следующем номере «Ученых записок ПетрГУ». 5. Эту проблему еще не рассматривали. 6. Метод, предложенный профессором Х, был использован в нашей лаборатории год назад. 7. Эта закономерность наблюдалась многими учеными. 8. Ряд уравнений будет рассмотрено в следующей главе. 9. Эта переменная была вычислена на компьютере. 10. На эту статью часто ссылаются в научных работах.
C.
1. Предполагается, что полученные расчетные данные были проверены экспериментально. 2. Теория была принята большинством ученых после того, как были получены новые доказательства в ее поддержку. 3. В статье представлены новые данные относительно механизма этого процесса. 4. Это расхождение можно объяснить разными методиками измерения. 5. В работе использован новый метод расчета этого параметра и предложена новая модель этого процесса. 6. Особое внимание уделено сравнению экспериментально полученных результатов с результатами, предсказанными теоретически. 7. На результаты эксперимента повлияло присутствие примесей. 8. Этим явлением занималось несколько исследователей. 9. К решению данной проблемы можно подойти с разных точек зрения. 10. Всестороннее обсуждение полученных результатов, за которым последовало проведение новых экспериментов, оказалось весьма плодотворным.