GRAMMAR

REVIEW

PART I. PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND

THE VERB TO BE

to be — быть, являться, находиться:

He is a judge. He is in this room. — Он является судьей.

Он находится в этой комнате.

I am (not) a lawyer. You are (not) a lawyer.

He is (not) a lawyer, she is (not) a lawyer, it is (not) a book.

We are (not) lawyers. You are (not) lawyers.

They are (not) lawyers, these are (not) books.

MODEL 3

I'm (not) a researcher.

You're (not) ..., you aren't a researcher. He's (not) ..., he isn't a researcher.

We're (not) researchers, we aren't researchers. You're (not) ... you aren't researchers. They're (not) ..., they aren't researchers.

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EXERCISE I

I. Replace the underlined nouns with the appropriate personal pronounces.

Mr. Smith and I are colleagues. Mr. Smith is a bit older and a bit taller than other clerks in the office. His wife's name is Jane. Jane is from Australia. All her relatives live there. Mr. Smith's children are twins. He often shows their photographs to us. But we still can't tell the one from the other. Only our office manager Susan can do that. Susan is very competent and fit for her job.

The pictures of the twins are always on Mr. Smith's desk. His desk is in the corner, and everyone can see the pictures.

II. Translate the personal pronoun it.

1. It is a new computer, and it costs a fortune. 2. It is interesting to learn new things. 3. It's July, but it isn't very hot. 4. Where is your bag? — It is on the shelf. 5. It's dark outside, and it's getting darker with every minute — it is going to rain. 6. My cat is so clever, and I like it very much. 7. I like it very much when it's warm and sunny. 8. It is difficult to distinguish these things. 9. It's of great importance to see the difference between them. 10. It is half past five, isn't it?

III. Translate the underlined pronouns into English.

1. Это его лицо, я его очень хорошо знаю. 2. Наши дети любят театр, и я вожу их туда каждый месяц. 3. Их места — слева от наших. 4. Положи свои вещи вон туда. 5. Спроси об этом его, или лучше его жену — она умнее. 6. Пригласи ее в гости, с ней всегда интересно. 7. Он съел свой завтрак в полном молчании. 8. Я люблю эти места и их неброскую красоту. Я их очень люблю. 9. В этой главе дано определение закона; в ней также приводится ряд примеров. 10. Не снимай свою куртку — здесь очень холодно. 11. Объясните нам, в чем наши обязанности. 12. Мне это не нравится. 13. Я Маркса читал, и он мне не понравился. 14. Официантка принесла черствый кекс. Полковник разозлился и выбросил его в окно.

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EXERCISE 2

Read the dialogues, find the forms of the verb to be and translate them.

Dialogue 1

The client: Where is the boss?

The secretary: The boss?

The client: Yes. He is not here.

The secretary: He is out.

The client: Out? For lunch?

The secretary: Oh no! He's not at lunch. I think he's still at

home.

The client: So he is late, isn't he?

The secretary: No, he's never late. He's always on time for

work.

The client: But he is not at work now. And it's 11 o'clock al-

ready.

The secretary: Maybe, he is unwell.

The client: Is he? /the telephone rings/

The secretary: Wait a moment... Yes, sir... I see... I am very sorry, but the boss is really ill today. He is in bed. I am really very sorry.

Dialogue 2

Mrs. Smith: Is it your baby? Mrs. Jones: Yes, this is my son.

Mrs. Smith: What a lovely boy! How old is he?

Mrs. Jones: He's only 4 years old. And my daughter is 12. Mrs. Smith: Oh, two children! Then how old are you? Mrs. Jones: What a question to ask!

Mrs. Smith: I'm so sorry. But I think you are very young.

Mrs. Jones: Not that young. I am 32. And my husband is 45 years old.

Mrs. Smith: So he is 13 years older than you, isn't he? Mrs. Jones: Yes, but we are very happy together.

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MODEL 4

You are young, aren't you? — Вы молоды, не так ли?

I am busy, aren't I?

You are busy, aren't you?

He is busy, isn't he? She is angry, isn't she? It is warm, isn't it?

We are busy, aren't we? You are busy, aren't you? They are busy, aren't they?

EXERCISE 3

Translate the tag-questions:

a) It is an old custom, isn't it? b) Your brothers are still very young, aren't they? c) You are tired today, aren't you? d) The boss is still at work, isn't he? e) This is a difficult question, isn't it? f) Her grandson is a lovely boy, isn't he? g) The dean is angry, isn't he? h) I am always right, aren't I? i) It's 11 o'clock, isn't it? j) You are an experienced accountant, aren't you? k) He is fit for the job, isn't he?

MODEL 5

I am not old, am I?

You are not old, are you?

He is not old, is he? She is not silly, is she? It is not here, is it?

We are not criminals, are we?

You, boys, are not criminals, are you?

They (these men) are not criminals, are they?

EXERCISE 4

Translate the tug-questions into English using an appropriate model:

а) Это преступление, не так ли? б) Я права, верно? в) Он сейчас дома, не правда ли? г) Ее вещей здесь нет, правильно? д) Твой брат — юрист, не так ли? е) Мы не устали, так ведь? ж) Это нелегко, верно? з) Ты — мой друг, ведь так? и) Роберт — иностранец, не правда ли? к) Она — из Англии, точно? л) Все наши деньги — в банке, правильно?

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EXERCISE 5

Insert the appropriate form of the verb to be in the gaps.

1. It is the meeting tonight, but not everyone has arrived yet. Jane, the speaker, is trying to find out where the people are. Put in the appropriate form of the verb to be:

Jane: ... we all here now?

Mark: Where ... Tom? He ... not here.

Helen: As far as I know, he ... not very well. I ... afraid, he ...

in bed.

Lynn: Oh, dear, poor Tom. And Sarah ... not here. Sarah: Oh, yes, I ...

Lynn: Oh, there you ... , over in the corner. Sorry, Sarah. Mark: Angela ... late. Or ... she ill, too?

Helen: No, she ... not ill. Jane: Where ... Peter and Sue?

Sarah: They ... in the next room. Angela: Hello, everybody. ... I late? Mark: Yes, you ...

Angela: Oh, I ... sorry.

Jane: Tell Peter and Sue to come, Mark. Peter: It ... all right. Here we ...

Jane: Good. At last we ... ready to start.

2. Put in the appropriate form of the verb to be where neces-

sary:

I ... a businessman. All my friends ... businessmen too. We ...

always busy. We ... work a lot. One of my friends ... a manager of a small firm. He ... always short of hands. He ... a very responsible person, so he ... works day and night. He ... 30, but he ... looks older. We all ... workoholics. We ... feel tired very often, but we simply can't stop. We ... do our best to make a profit. If your business ...

profitable, you ... lucky.

EXERCISE 6

Complete the sentences:

1. It is ... 2. They are lawyers, and they are ... 3. This book is not ... 4. It is good to be ... 5. George Bush is ... 6. We are from ...

7. Business is ..., isn't it? 8. Russians are ... 9. Law is ...

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PART II. THE VERB TO HAVE

AND DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNCES

MODEL 6

I, you, we, they have (got) time — У меня (тебя, нас, вас, их)

есть время.

He, she, it has (got) time — У него (нее) есть время.

I, you, we, they haven't (got) or don't have time — У меня

(тебя, нас, них) нет времени.

He, she, it hasn't (got) or doesn't have time — У него (нее)

нет времени.

EXERCISE 7

Translate the in italics words into Russian

1. Our Academy has a good library. 2. I have got a lot of friends to spend time with. 3. Have you got a notebook? — Yes, I have. 4. He has got a good education, but, unfortunately, he hasn't got any talents. He's got a rich imagination, though. 5. We've got a lot of work to do. 6. I have no time to spare. 7. I've nothing to boast of. 8. We've got so many things we don't need. 9. They have breakfast at seven. 10. When she has a headache, she'd better be left alone. 11. Excuse me, have you got the time, please? 12. Have a good time! 13. Let's have a walk.

EXERCISE 8

Your friend and you are going to the Altai for a couple of days. Have a look at the list below and write down which items you have got (or haven't got), and which of them your friend has got (or hasn't got). For example: Have you got a lighter? — No, I haven't.— Has you friend got one? — Yes, he has.

A rucksack, sunglasses, field glasses, a compass, a pair of jeans, an anorak, a woolen jumper, a pair of boots, a flask, a flashlight, a tent, a rifle, a camera, a guitar.

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EXERCISE 9

Translate into English using the appropriate form of the verb to have.

1. У него дома много книг. 2. У тебя есть деньги? — Есть немного. 3. У нее светлые волосы и темные глаза. — А я думал, что ее глаза — голубые. 4. У нас есть все, что нам нужно. 5. У меня проблема, и я не знаю, что делать. 6. Этот подход имеет как преимущества, так и недостатки. 7. Ей нечего бояться. 8. К сожалению, у нас до сих пор нет финансового плана. 9. После тренировки он принимает душ, а потом отдыхает. 10. Давайте обсудим это предложение. 11. Эта фирма имеет дочернее предприятие в нашем городе, не так ли? 12. У нас есть человек, подходящий для этой работы.

MODEL 7

this — это, эта, этот; these — эти; that — то, та, тот; those — те.

EXERCISE 10

Translate the following paying attention to the role of the demonstrative pronounces in the sentence.

1. This is a balance sheet, and that is just a graph. 2. These are his things, and those are hers. 3. This is a serious question. This question is very complicated. 4. Look at those men. They are my colleagues. No, not those. I don't know those people. 5. I think, that approach is new and original. 6. Come in: this is my study, and these are my favourite books. I'm especially fond of this (one) — take it and have a look at it. 7. This report has some interesting information, and that (one) is just not worth reading. 8. Those are new blocks of our factory. 9. This is a good quality. Yes, I do think that this quality is very good. 10. These are our wedding presents, and this is the money they gave us.

EXERCISE 11

Translate into English:

1. Это — необычный вопрос. 2. Нет, это не маркер; маркер — вон то, а это просто карандаш. 3. Взгляните на те дома, правда, они выглядят очень красивыми? 4. Давайте сравним эти

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графики и вон те, на противоположной стене. 5. Это — мои вещи. 6. Я не знаю этого человека, и тех людей я тоже вижу в первый раз. 7. Это — важные документы. 8. Это не деньги, а просто бумага. 9. Тот человек, беседующий с директором, — наш новый финансовый менеджер. 10. Это — очень точные приборы, обращайтесь с ними осторожно.

PART III. THERE + BE. QUANTITATIVE

AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

MODEL 8

There is a problem (Eсть проблема). There is some water in the cup (В чашке есть вода).

There are some problems – Есть проблемы.

Is there (a problem)? … Is there any water? What is there in the room? (Что есть в комнате?).

Are there (any problems)? … What are there?

There is not a problem. There is not any water. There is no problem.

There are not any problems. There are no problems.

EXERCISE 12

Translate into Russian:

I. 1. There are 14 of us in this group. 2. There is only one computer here. 3. There are some serious mistakes in your dictation. 4. There is little sugar left. Go and buy some. 5. Are there any interesting books there? — There are some. 6. Is there any cheese in the fridge? 7. There is always a lot of work to do on Monday, isn't there? 8. Who is there in the photograph? 9. How many hours are there in a day? — There are 24 hours. 10. How much coffee is there in the glass? 11. There are 150 pages in this book, aren't there? 12. I am sure, there is no wine in this house. 13. There aren't any exceptions to this rule, are there? 14. What is there in your bag — any weapons, explosives, drugs? — Nothing of the kind. 15. There is a reason for doing it.

II. 1. There is no bad weather, there are bad clothes. 2. There is nothing new under the sun. 3. There is always a chance. 4. If there is a will, there is a way out. 5. There is no smoke without fire.

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6. There is no way to undo a thing that is once done. 7. There are things that are more valuable then money. 8. There is a limit.

III. 1. This is an important problem. 2. There is an important problem. 3. It is a cold night. 4. There is a pale moon up there in the sky. 5. This is what I call a real beauty. 6. There is a beautiful rose in my garden. 7. Those were the happiest days of my life. 8. There were days in my life I could never forget.

EXERCISE 13

Make the following sentences a) interrogative, b) negative:

1. There is always a choice in our life. 2. There are 12 men and women in the jury. 3. There are some days when one feels happy. 4. There are only several coins in my pocket. 5. There is a little juice in the bottle. 6. There is a theory that explains that phenomenon. 7. There is an answer to all your questions. 8. There is one person missing. 9. There is a party tonight, are you coming? 10. There is a thing or two I can't forget.

EXERCISE 14

Make up some sentences beginning with there + is (there + are) using the following word combinations:

A small square table in the corner; a strange round thing in the middle of the room; an interesting question, a country in Asia, several young women near the window; a telephone call for you; a little salt in the box; four of us in the family; 60 minutes in an hour; little money left; any witnesses; no alibi.

EXERCISE 15

Translate into English:

1. Рядом с домом есть бассейн. 2. В книге 12 глав. 3. На этом дереве нет яблок. 4. Есть ли дети в этом доме? 5. Сколько на Земле океанов? 6. В этом дворце триста комнат, не так ли? 7. Что (это) под столом? 8. В Вашей библиотеке нет детективов, правильно? 9. Какие дни (есть) в неделе? 10. У вашего плана есть преимущества. 11. В его отчете нет информации о новых ценах на этот товар. 12. В вашем рассказе мало подробностей.

MODEL 9

Many, a lot — много (об исчисляемых предметах).

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Much, a lot — много (о неисчисляемых). Few — мало (об исчисляемых предметах). A few (о нескольких предметах).

Little - мало (о неисчисляемых предметах).

A little — немного (о неисчисляемых предметах).

EXERCISE 16

Translate the in italics words into Russian:

1. They produce a lot of different products. 2. Many countries import oil, but only a few export it. 3. There are only few things that interest me. 4. There is only little coffee left. 5. We have little in common, we are different. 6. I have a little money, so I can borrow some to you. 7. How much is it? — It costs 2,000. — It's quite a lot!

8.There are a few terms in this contract I want to discuss with you.

9.He's much more responsible than other young people. 10. "Too much love will kill you in the end." 11. There are few exceptions to this rule.

EXERCISE 17

Translate the pronouns in the brackets:

1. There are (много) familiar faces on the photo. 2. There is still (немного) water in the cup. 3. How many employees are there in this firm? — The firm is big, so I think there are (много). 4. Only (очень немногие) people understand this theory. 5. I've got (мало) friends. 6. How much money have you got on you just now? — Only (немного). 7. We've got (много) problems, and they are urgent. 8. Those books on the shelves are all on Economics. — Quite (много)! 9. I've (мало) time left. 10. The article contains (много) statistics, but onlу (несколько) interesting examples.

MODEL 10

Thing — something, nothing, everything. Where — somewhere, nowhere, everywhere. Body — somebody, nobody, everybody. One — someone, no one, everyone.

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EXERCISE 18

Comment on the following:

1. There is something in this business I don't like. 2. There is somebody in the dark. 3. Is there anything new in the newspapers? 4. There is a lot of snow everywhere. 5. There is nothing left. 6. She lives somewhere near here. 7. There is something strange about him. 8. Is there anything you can do fast? — I get tired fast. 9. Do you regret anything? — I regret nothing. 10. There is always a big fortune and a pretty girl waiting for good guys at the end of such stories, and everyone is happy. 11. Is there anybody here? — No, there is nobody here. — Who's talking, then?

EXERCISE 19

Translate the in italics words into English:

1. Все это знают. 2. Знает ли кто-нибудь, кто автор этого учебника? 3. В этом плане есть что-то, что мне не нравится.

4.Никто не покупает этот продукт, хотя он везде продается.

5.В комнате кто-то есть. 6. Практика — это все. 7. Он разорен, но говорит, что ни о чем не жалеет. 8. Может кто-нибудь одолжить мне зонтик? 9. Что-то меняется все время. 10. Все пришли вовремя.

EXERCISE 20

Make up sentences with the following word expressions:

A lot of products, these few things, a few facts, how much, how many, something new, anything important, few researchers, anywhere, a little time, little time, nobody, someone.

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UNIT 1. PRESEHT INDEFINITE.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PART I. PRESENT INDEFINITE

MODEL 1

I do my work — Я делаю свою работу

You do your work He does his work She does her work It does its work We do our work You do your work They do their work

EXERCISE 1

Complete the sentences using the following adverbs: always, regularly, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never.

1. My clever friend ... suggests good plans. 2. We ... make mistakes in English spelling. 3. Aspirin ... helps me. 4. Students ...

drink milk. 5. I ... get angry with my parents. 6. Banks ... go bankrupt. 7. It ... takes me hours to choose and buy a new bag. 8. I ...

write poetry. 9. Solicitors ... do legal work outside the court. 10. He's over-confident, but he ... asks for advice.

EXERCISE 2

Put in the right form of the verbs:

1. We are different: I (like) fish, and you (like) meat. And my brother (like) vegetables. 2. He (ask) too many questions. 3. Doctors (help) people. 4. Mother (run) the house, and it is not an easy job. 5. Who (pay) your bills? 6. Judges are people who (decide) what to do with persons committing crimes. 7. It (take) me an hour to get here. 8. When I (take) kids to the country, they are happy. 9. Businessmen (make) profit. 10. Who is your main competitor? — We (compete) with Beeline. 11. The computer is old and (need) upgrading, but it still (do) its work. 12. This is an old trick, but funny enough, it (work).

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MODEL 2

Do I ever correct mistakes? — No, I do not (don't) correct mistakes. I never correct mistakes.

Исправляю ли я когда-либо ошибки? — Нет, я не исправляю ошибки. Я никогда не исправляю ошибки.

Does he trust you? — No, he does not (doesn't) trust me.

Он тебе доверяет? — Нет, он мне не доверяет.

EXERCISE 3

Amanda hasn't got a friend. The Friend-a-Friend Club wants to help her. Look at Amanda's answers to the Club's questionnaire and write sentences about her:

DO YOU

1.read books? — Yes.

2.watch a lot of television? — No.

3.play computer games? — Very seldom.

4.like music? — Yes.

5.smoke? — No.

6.like sport? — No.

7.often go shopping? — Almost every day.

8.take any courses ? — No.

9.go to the night-clubs? — If somebody invites me.

10.take interest in politics? — No.

EXERCISE 4

A reporter is interviewing a famous writer Brenda Bagg. Complete the reporter's questions by putting in the missing words:

Reporter: Brenda, where ... your ideas for all your stories?

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Brenda: Where do I get my ideas? That's hard to say. They just come to me.

Rep.: ... a long time to write a book?

Brenda: No, it doesn't take long. I write one in about two weeks.

Rep.: Really? That's quite quick. ... every day? Brenda: Yes, I write every day.

Rep.: And where ...?

Brenda: Oh, I work here in the sitting room. Rep.: ... your husband ... your stories? Brenda: No, he doesn't. He hates them. Rep.: ... your husband ..., Brenda?

Brenda: No, he doesn't work. He hasn't got a job. My stories bring us lots of money, you know.

Rep.: Why ... so many people ... your books, Brenda?

Brenda: I think, they read them because I tell a good story. Everyone likes a good story, you know.

EXERCISE 5

I. Complete the sentences according to the following model and translate them:

a)The clerks get their salaries once a month ... — They get their salaries once a month, don't they?

b)The judges usually don't leave the room ... — They usually

don't leave the room, do they?

1. We all make mistakes, ... ? 2. Barristers are experts, ..., and they represent their clients, ...? 3. You don't mean it, ...? 4. Fashion changes all the time, ...? 5. He hasn't got any money on him, ...? 6. They launch a new product every year, ...? 7. I never take risks,

...? 8. There is no chance, ... that I could persuade you? 9. It doesn't help, ...? 10. The student studies law, ...? 11. It is not easy to advise people, ...? 12. We offer you a job you need, ...?

II. Bill Killjoy is a man who always puts a damper on things. Anything you have — he has too. Anything you can do — he can do too, and so on. Make up Bill's replies to what people say using the prompt:

Prompt: — I have got a car.

—So have I.

—I do a lot of work every day.

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—So do I.

1.— I've got a laptop.

—...

2.— I am good at foreign languages.

—...

3.— I know many interesting people - film stars, detectives, sportsmen.

—...

4.— My brother has got a brand new yacht.

—...

5.— My little daughter has got a marvelous voice.

—...

6.— She is often asked to sing.

—...

7.— But she always refuses.

—...

8.— I like it when it's frosty and foggy.

—...

9.— I never listen to what other people say.

—...

10.— Well, I must say, you are just wonderful. I admire

you.

—...

EXERCISE 6

Correlate the parts of the sentences and make up questions:

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EXERCISE 7

TO BE or TO DO? Choose the right verb.

1. I ... not a writer. I ... not write books, I only read them.

8. His library ... not very big, it ... not contain many books. 9. How often ... the students get their grants? 10. ... you busy? — Yes, I ...

working now. — But you usually ... not work at this time of day. PART II. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

MODEL 3

I am working, I am not working, am I working?

You are working, you are not working, are you working? He is working, he is not working, is he working?

She is working, she isn't working, is she working? It is working, it isn't working, is it working?

We are working, we are not working, are we working? You are working, you aren't working, are you working? They are working, they aren't working, are they working?

EXERCISE 8

Comment on the following pairs of sentences:

1. I very seldom smoke. Now I am smoking because I am nervous. 2. We work in this office from nine to five. It is only half past four, but we are not working, because we are out of electricity. 3. He goes abroad every year. He's going abroad next month. 4. He says he doesn't drink wine. Now, at the party, he is drinking something, but it is not wine. It's water, I think. 5. Every time I see a beautiful view I take a photo. I am not taking any photos now, though the view is superb. But I'm out of film. 6. Children ask so many questions. My goodness! He is asking a question — again!

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EXERCISE 9

Imagine that we are sitting now on the balcony of some courtroom in a town of Great Britain. We are watching the procedure of the trial from the beginning to the end.

Read and pay attention to the usage of Continuous.

Look! The judge is coming to the room. All the audience is standing up. Now people are sitting down. The Prosecutor is making his opening statement. He is explaining to the judge and to the jury the evidence which he will use as proof in court.

Now it is the turn of the defense. The Defendant's attorney is explaining the evidence which he will present. Now the witnesses are answering questions.

Look! Look! Mrs. Smith is a witness for defense. She is trembling with fear. Maybe she is not telling the truth. She is so pale and excited.

Now they are asking a witness for prosecution. It is cross examination. It is over now.

What is the Prosecutor doing? He is going to the stand to make a closing statement. The judge is listening so attentively. He mast pass a sentence, so he must understand all the details.

EXERCISE 10

Put into the gaps the appropriate forms of Continuous:

—Who is that girl?

—Who ... you (look) at?

—I ... (talk) about the girl over there in the corner.

—Where? What ... she (wear)?

—She is in a long black dress.

—There are a lot of girls in black dresses. What ... she (do)?

—She ... just (stand) there... She ... (hold) a glass of champagne in her hand. Oh, look, a guy ... (come up) to her! Do you know him?

—What guy?

—He ... (wear) glasses. That tall guy with dark hair. Can't you

see him?

—Oh yes, now I see them. They ... (argue), aren't they?

—Yes, they are. And now she ... (turn) to us and (smile).

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EXERCISE 11

PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR PRESENT INDEFINITE? Put in the right form and translate.

1. The Japanese regularly (work) on Saturdays. 2. Look at them! They (kiss)! 3. The owners of the small firms (prefer) to pay workers in cash. 4. Every three weeks we (take part) in a court session. 5. Another drink? — No, thanks, I (drive). 6. He (have) a shower and a shave every morning. 7. He (have) a driving test just now. 8. What's the matter with you? Tell me, I (listen). 9. It (take) me less than an hour to prepare a report — it's a piece of cake to me.

(sleep)? — No, I (not to sleep). I just (think) with my eyes shut.

EXERCISE 12

Translate the following sentences and comment on the use of the Present Continuous.

1. The population of the world is rising very fast. 2. The prices are increasing again this month. 3. He is staying in Hilton. I think, you can find him there. 4. Only now we beginning to realize what kind of man he was. 5. You really want to move to the South? I hope you know what you are doing. 6. The situation is changing all the time. 7. She is having a holiday in Sochi. 8. The economy of Russia is developing (slowly, but steadily).

Make the sentences above interrogative and negative. EXERCISE 13

Translate into English:

1. Что ты делаешь вечерами? — Большей частью отдыхаю. По телефону разговариваю. 2. С кем это она разговаривает? 3. Я вас не понимаю, хотя внимательно слушаю. 4. Почему люди совершают преступления? 5. Я чувствую себя ужасно. Думаю, что заболею. 6. Она поссорилась с родственниками и теперь живет у подруги. 7. Эта вещь мне не принадлежит. Я не знаю, чья она. 8. Когда судья входит в зал суда, все встают. 9. Почему ты не отвечаешь? Ты не слышишь меня? 10. Политическое положениe в стране постоянно меняется. 11. Каждый раз, когда

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я вижу твою красавицу-дочь, я думаю о ее будущем. 12. О чем ты думаешь? — Просто смотрю на тебя.

EXERCISE 14

Translate the text and put four types of questions to each sentence according to the following:

His name is Jake Field.

a)Is his name Jake Field?

b)What is his name?

c)Is his name Jake or Jack?

d)His name is Jake, isn't it?

He is our only witness. He says that he wants to be helpful. But there is something strange about him. Look at him now, when he is standing before the jury. He is looking at us nervously. And his hands are slightly trembling. He says that he doesn't remember the exact time of the accident. He is not sure about the exact place, either. Besides, he hasn't got an alibi. I don't know what to think. I feel worried.

EXERCISE 15

Read and translate the text paying attention to the use of the Present Simple. Write questions to the text.

TYPES OF LEGAL PROFESSIONS

If you want to be in the law in Great Britain, you can choose among a lot of professions. You can be a solicitor or a barrister, a judge, a magistrate, a coroner. Or maybe you will be a clerk in the court. Let's speak a little about some of these professions.

England is unique, because it has two different kinds of lawyers — solicitors and barristers.

If a person has a legal problem, he goes to a solicitor. There are more than 50,000 solicitors in Britain, and their number is increasing. Solicitors deal with petty crimes and matrimonial matters. They prepare the case and speak in Magistrates' Courts for you (these are the lowest courts). Sometimes solicitors can speak in higher courts (County Courts), if there is a case of divorce or recovering some debts.

Solicitors do legal work outside Court. For example, if you want to buy a house, you apply the solicitor. He also writes legal letters. If people want to make a will, they ask for advice of a solicitor.

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To become a solicitor you are to join an experienced solicitor as a clerk and work for him. It is not necessary to go to university. You pass some exams for the "Law Society" and practice. Then you can start your own business.

Barristers are different from solicitors. Barristers are experts in the interpretation of the Law. They advise people on difficult points. They are also experts in advocacy (the art of presenting cases in Court). Barristers represent their clients in higher courts.

Barristers are remote figures. They don't have public offices in any street. They work in chambers in the Inns of Court. These are organizations rather like exclusive clubs. If you need to meet a barrister, you will never see him without your solicitor. To become a barrister you have to take examinations of the Bar Council. There are over 5,000 barristers in England.

JUDGES IN GREAT BRITAIN

Judges are people who decide what to do with persons committing crimes. In Britain, the majority of judges are Magistrates or Justices of the Peace (JPs). They are ordinary citizens and they do not have any legal training. But they have "common sense" and understand fellow human beings. They do not get any payment for their work. They deal with petty crimes, such as shoplifting or dangerous driving. Sometimes there are three Magistrates who hear a case. One of the Magistrates asks questions. Then they discuss the case in low voices (they usually do not leave the courtroom). One of the Magistrates (as a rule, the one who asked questions) tells the accused if they find him guilty or not. The Magistrate can sentence the accused to a maximum one year in prison or a fine (not more than 400 pounds). There are also judges who are not Magistrates. They are called "High Court Judges". They deal with serious crimes. They get their salaries and have legal training.

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EXERCISE 17

Translate into English.

Как вы знаете, Джон служит в отделе уголовного розыска в качестве детектива. Он имеет дело с уголовным розыском и уголовным расследованием. Он имеет дело с такими прямыми источниками информации, как допрос подозреваемых и опрос свидетелей. Между прочим, допрос не заменяет расследования. Первая цель допроса — узнать истину. Целью является также доказывание вины или невиновности, наказание виновного лица и возвращение похищенного имущества. Джон знает, что допрос требует определенных следственных наклонностей и специальной техники. Он признает некоторые общие правила допроса. Так уметь слушать так же важно, как и спрашивать. Джон не прерывает допрашиваемого. Когда субъект не хочет говорить правду, Джон не угрожает ему и не запугивает. В случае, если свидетель не сообщает информацию, Джон пытается убедить его не уклоняться от обязанностей гражданина. Что касается меня, я еще не провожу допроса подозреваемых или свидетелей. Я не делаю этого потому, что я еще только учусь быть полицейским.

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