МЕТ_1к_1ч

Read over your comment to check if it makes sense.

Edit your comment if it is necessary.

A."The sum of intelligence on the planet is constant; the population is growing."

Unknown

B. "Efficiency is intelligent laziness."

David Dunham

41.Write an abstract (4−6 sentences) of the Ukrainian article in English. You may use the suggested phrases: the article is devoted to …; this article concentrates on ...; it is shown ...; it is reported ...; it is studied ...; the results show ...; the author pays attention to ...; the author suggests .... .

КОМП'ЮТЕР З МОЗКОМ ЛЮДИНИ

"Для участі в проекті IBM поєднує провідних психологів, нейробіологів і фахівців в галузі комп'ютерних технологій," − повідомляє BBC.

На перший етап роботи Управління наукових досліджень Пентагона DARPA виділило 4,9 млн. доларів.

"Людська свідомість має унікальну здатність аналізувати інформацію,

отриману через різні органи чуття, навіть якщо ці дані суперечать одне одному", − каже керівник дослідження Дармендра Модха.

"Мозок здатен з легкістю створювати нові категорії часу і простору й інтегрувати в них інформацію, отриману сенсорно", − продовжує науковець.

"На сьогодні жодна з існуючих комп'ютерних технологій навіть не наблизилася до дивних здібностей цього органу", − додає він.

Нова технологія може бути використана при великомасштабному аналізі даних, розпізнаванні зображень та об'єктів і навіть незалежному прийнятті рішень.

"Основна ідея когнітивної комп'ютерної технології полягає в тому, щоб відтворивши структуру, динаміку, функції і реакції людського мозку,

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сконструювати апарат, що діє за тими самими принципами", − каже професор Модха.

Фахівці IBM і п'яти провідних університетів США поставили перед собою завдання об'єднати знання з біології з комп'ютерним відтворенням роботи нейронів.

У результаті вони сподіваються розробити систему, яку за складністю можна порівняти з мозком кішки.

Як стверджують вчені, нейрологія накопичила достатньо інформації про роботу нейронів та міжнейронних зв'язків − синапси.

Водночас розробки в галузі комп'ютерних технологій вже дозволяють моделювати діяльність мозку невеликого ссавця. Торік професор Модха керував роботою з імітації мозку миші. Для цього треба було 55 млн.

штучних нейронів та півтрильйона міжнейронних синапсів.

Подібні експерименти стали можливі зовсім недавно. Тільки зараз науковцям вдалося досягти щільності нейронного матеріалу, який можна порівняти з мозком тварини − 10 млрд. нейронів на квадратний сантиметр.

Синапси, або міжнейронні зв'язки нейронів мозку, створюються,

розпадаються, зміцнюються або слабшають в залежності від діяльності мозку. Одна з головних проблем це розробка матеріалу.

Якщо ця проблема буде вирішена, то на відміну від існуючої технології,

що дозволяє лише запрограмувати штучний мозок на вирішення тієї чи іншої задачі, комп'ютер зможе на підставі накопичених знань, пам'яті та "досвіду"

аналізувати дані, тобто "мислити".

PROBLEM-SOLVING

42.Test your brain power. Solve the problems with your groupmates (see the PROBLEM-SOLVING section to Unit 3).

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Unit 4: IQ TESTING

It has yet to be proven that intelligence has any survival value.

Arthur C. Clarke

WARM-UP

1.Write in two minutes as many words as you can using letters found in the word intelligence?

2.Discuss the following questions in small groups.

A.Do we inherit our IQ or is it the result of our environment and upbringing? Why (not)?

B.Does our IQ level change during lifetime? Give your reasons.

C.Have IQ and intelligence got anything in common with creativity

and genius? Is it possible to distinguish intelligence from imagination and common sense? Prove it.

3.Discuss the following quotations in pairs. Which quotation is closer to your own ideas?

1."There is no such thing as intelligence; one has intelligence of this or that. One must have intelligence only for what one is doing."

Edgar Degas

2."If the aborigine drafted an IQ test, all of Western civilization would presumably flunk it."

Stanley Garn

3. "The best intelligence test is what we do with our leisure."

Laurence J. Peter

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4."Many highly intelligent people are poor thinkers. Many people of average intelligence are skilled thinkers. The power of a car is separate from the way the car is driven."

Edward De Bono

5."The difference between a smart man and a wise man is that a smart man knows what to say, a wise man knows whether or not to say it."

Frank M. Garafola

6."Always bear in mind that your own resolution to succeed is more important than any one thing."

Abraham Lincoln

4.In pairs or small groups, try to find the answers to the following brain boosters.

 JUST IN TIME

What occurs once in every minute, twice in every moment, yet never in a thousand years?

 THE VALUE OF MONTHS

If March = 43 and May = 39, then by the same logic, what does July equal?

 WHOSE FOOTPRINTS?

One of the triplets left muddy footprints all over the kitchen floor. Since all three wear the same size shoes, their mom and dad can't tell which triplet should clean up the floor. "I didn't do it," said Annie. "Danny did it," said Fanny. "Fanny is lying," said Danny. Only one of the triplets is telling the truth − the other two are lying. Whose footprints are on the kitchen floor?

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 ZOO FAVOURITES

Dan, Jen, Keith, and Mia are having an argument about which animals to visit first at the zoo − the deer, the lions, the leopards or the giraffes. Each kid wants to see his or her favourite animal first. Dan is allergic to cats, so he doesn't like animals that are in the cat family. Jen's favourite animal doesn't have horns. Keith doesn't care

for animals that have spots. Mia disagrees with both Dan and Keith. Which is each kid's favorite animal?

 CAN YOU EXPLAIN?

See if you can let your brain switch directions to answer these questions:

1.How can you throw a ball as hard as you can and have it come back to you, even if it doesn't hit anything, there is nothing attached to it, and no one else catches or throws it?

2.Two students are sitting on opposite sides of the same desk. There is nothing between them but the desk. Why can't they see each other?

3.There are only two T's in Timothy Tuttle. True or false?

 COLOURS

Imagine a world in which the colours of things have changed from what we consider normal. Assume the following changes:

Snow is now red.

Grass is now black.

The sky is now brown.

Blood is now white.

Soot is now green.

In such a world, what is the colour of dirt?

 WHERE IN THE WORLD?

Where in the world are you situated and in what direction are you facing if the following conditions are true?

 If you move to the right, it’s Saturday, July 1.

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If you move to the left, it’s Sunday, July 2.

If you move forward, it’s summer.

If you move backward, it’s winter.

 WHAT'S NEXT?

Here are three series of letters. Each letter in each series is the first letter of a word. The words in each series are related.

What are the next three letters in each series?

1.O, T, T, F, F, . . .

2.S, M, T, W, . . .

3.D, N, O, S, A, . . .

 WHO LIVES WHERE?

An apartment building has two floors, with three apartments on each floor. The Grays live in the top middle apartment. The Blues live directly above the Browns. If the Greens live on the top floor, then they live next door to the Blues. The Whites live to the left of the Greens, either on the top or bottom floor. The Blacks live on the top floor. Which family lives in which apartment?

READING

5.Underline the stressed syllable in each word as in the example. Practise reading.

performance, inaccurate, to possess, to diagnose, leadership, retardation, primarily, analytical, cognitive, awareness, cognitive

6.Mark the following statements true (T) or false (F). Compare your answers with a partner, then read the text below and check your answers.

1.Despite the slight IQ variance between males and females, their overall intelligence is about the same.

2.IQ test scores of children that were breastfed is generally higher.

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3.The IQ test assesses job-specific knowledge and skills, therefore, it is effective at measuring career success.

4.The IQ test lacks sensitivity to different cultures and ethnic groups, specifically the differences between Eastern and Western views of intelligence.

5.Students attending poorly funded schools often score lower than those at financially stable schools.

6.Eldest children are smarter and more likely to succeed than their younger siblings.

7.IQ tests are an accurate indicator of one’s intellectual potential.

7.Think of the heading for each paragraph of the text.

INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT IQ TESTS

1. Studies show that there is a slight difference in men and women’s IQ test scores. Although males and females are virtually equal in terms of IQ, men tend to score higher on certain sections, like spatial awareness, whereas women tend to score higher in language development and emotional intelligence.

2. Breastfeeding has been linked to raising children’s IQs and improving their academic performance. In 2008, a study was conducted to measure the effect of breastfeeding on children’s cognitive development after following a group of children for 6,5 years. The children were given an IQ test to measure their academic performance and cognitive ability. Those who were breastfed had higher scores and better overall academic achievement.

3. For the most part, IQ tests are used to measure intelligence and career success, but it was once primarily used to diagnose mental retardation. An IQ score below 70 was considered the benchmark for mental retardation, according to the Binet-Simon’s test from the early 1900s. The IQ test helped separate mental retardation from mental illness, both of which were poorly understood in the 19th century.

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4. The IQ test only measures certain intellectual abilities, such as analytical, mathematical and spatial skills. The test does not measure creativity, artistic, leadership, emotional and social skills or other abilities that also define one’s intelligence.

5. Nearly 100 years ago, psychologists used to compute a person’s IQ by using an IQ formula that divided the mental age by the actual age of the test taker, then multiplied this number by 100 to get a whole number for the final score. This formula proved to be inaccurate when comparing adults. Modern scoring compares a person’s performance by their age group.

6. One of the main criticisms of IQ tests is that they show bias against cultural and ethnic groups based on the questions asked in the test. The current IQ tests don’t take into consideration the different cognitive styles, communication skills and values that each culture and ethnic group possesses.

7. A person’s IQ can be affected by several different environmental factors, such as malnutrition, socio-economic status, stress, support structure and attitude. Scientists also find that the quality of education can have a major impact on IQ scores, as well.

8. A child’s intelligence is not determined by the order in which they were born, but is more likely to be affected by their personality, gender, age difference, family size and parental age.

9. IQ tests may have been designed to assess intelligence, but they aren’t an exact measure of intelligence, wealth or career success for everyone. Those who score higher than average on the IQ test may have greater reasoning abilities, but that doesn’t necessarily mean they will be more successful or make a higher income.

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8.Look through the list of words and phrases and check if you know their Ukrainian equivalents. Take turns to ask each other. Take turns to ask each other. Use the MINI-DICTIONARY section to Unit 4 if necessary.

9.Explain the meaning of the words and phrases.

a slight difference, emotional intelligence, cognitive development, a study, retardation, creativity, communication skills, malnutrition, social skills, to be inaccurate

10.Find the words in the text to which the following are the synonyms. The first letter is given to make the task easier.

prejudice (b); incompetently (p); standard (q); measure, criterion (b); undernourishment (m); approach, opinion (a); practically (v); help (s); associate, connect (l)

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11.Match the words and phrases (1−7) from the text with their definitions (a−g).

12.Fill the gaps in the sentences with the correct word(s) (1−7) from the table above. You may need to change the form of the word. You won’t need all the words.

1.……. that are not used regularly tend to diminish over time but can also be improved at any age with regular practice.

2.It is very important to understand that ……. is not the opposite of intelligence, it is not the triumph of heart over head − it is the unique

intersection of both.

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