МЕТ_1к_1ч
.pdftwo but a quarter
0,5 = ,5 – oh point 5; point 5.
5.Ordinal numbers and dates
Mind the following: the first
Exception(s): |
the second |
the ... the |
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the third |
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One of the problems with dates is that we write them and say them in a |
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different way. |
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4 January |
− the fourth of January |
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or January the fourth |
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or January fourth |
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6.Room 5 – not "the fifth room". Page 10 – not "the tenth page".
7.Notice the following:
odd numbers − 3, 5, 11… even numbers – 2, 10, 22…
12 – a dozen,
20 – a score,
60 – three scores,
2000 − twenty hundred
221
ARTICLES
The indefinite articles, a / an, can be used to talk about:
*objects or ideas in general;
*one particular person or thing, when it is mentioned for the first time, or when the reader does not know which one is meant, or when it does not matter which one.
The definite article, the, can be used
*when the noun is singled out as unique or specific;
*when the reader already knows which particular person (people) or thing(s), etc. you are talking about.
What are the basic rules for using articles?
The indefinite article (a / an) is used with singular countable nouns referring to a
non-unique item in general:
separate objects, people, ideas, etc.
singular |
a microscope |
a scientist |
a plan |
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plural |
five |
a large number |
several alternative plans |
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microscopes |
of scientists |
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The definite article (the) is used with nouns referring to a unique specific item. A noun can have a definite article when
it is modified by a superlative or ordinal number
e.g. the first experiment, the last measurement, the most significant results, the only time
it refers to an entire type or species
e.g. The telephone can be used to transfer data
it refers to an item previously mentioned
e.g. They connected a phone line to a modem. The modem was connected to a computer in order for the computer to access the Internet.
222
there is only one of something or it is fully specified by the context or
background knowledge
e.g. The periodic table is often used in chemistry.
The Internet is now used by millions of people across the world.
it is followed by of + noun phrase
e.g. The coefficient of expansion of brass is 0,000026oC.
The importance of international co-operation is emphasised in the report.
Note: Some generalisations may be needed in scientific use, in which case the is left out in long, complex, uncountable or plural noun phrases, in particular those including an of + noun phrase. In these sentences, both options, i.e. using the articles or omitting them, are correct.
e.g. (The) Little-known sources of air pollution are misfires in a car’s engine.
(The) Creation of the simulation model allows for a degree of optimisation of (the) engine performance.
The is used:
with the names of rivers (the Dnipro), seas (the Black Sea), oceans (the Indian Ocean), mountain ranges (the Pyrenees), deserts (the Gobi), groups of islands (the Canaryn Islands) and countries when they include words such as state, kingdom, republic, etc. (the United States);
with nationality words (the Belgians) and names of families (the Johnsons);
with historical periods / events (the Stone Age, the First World War) but World War I.
223
THE POSSESSIVE CASE
ПРИСВІЙНИЙ ВІДМІНОК
відповідає родовому відмінку в українській мові
The Common Case |
The Possessive Case |
student |
student’s |
teachers |
teachers’ |
Marx |
Marx’ |
September |
September’s |
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|
Examples: |
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Student’s notes = notes of a student – записи студента
Students’ notes = notes of students – записи студентів
a year’s absence – річна відсутність
a mile’s distance – відстань в одну милю an actress’ role – роль актриси
Newton’s Laws of Motion – закон руху Ньютона
At my sister’s house – в будинку моєї сестри
At the chemist’s – в аптеці
At "the Jones’s" restaurant – в ресторані під назвою "У Джона"
224
Appendix 5: IRREGULAR VERBS
IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive |
Past Simple |
|
Past Participle |
Translation |
awake |
awoke |
|
awaked, awoke |
прокидатися |
bе (аm, is аrе) |
was, were |
|
bееn |
бути |
bеаr |
bоrе |
|
bоrnе, bоrn |
носити, нести, переносити; |
|
|
|
|
народжувати |
beat |
beat |
|
beaten |
бити, калатати |
bесоmе |
bесаmе |
|
bесоmе |
робитися, ставати |
befall |
befell |
|
befallen |
траплятися |
begin |
began |
|
begun |
починати(ся) |
bet |
bet |
|
bet |
закладатися, заставлятися |
bethink |
bethought |
|
bethought |
згадати, задумати |
bind |
bound |
|
bound |
в'язати, зв'язувати; |
|
|
|
|
затримувати, обмежувати |
bite |
bit |
|
bit, bitten |
кусати(ся), жалити |
bleed |
bled |
|
bled |
кровоточити, стікати кров'ю |
blend |
blended, blent |
|
blended, blent |
змішувати, виготовляти суміш |
blow |
blew |
|
blown |
дути |
break |
broke |
|
broken |
ламати(ся), розбивати(ся) |
bring |
brought |
|
brought |
приносити, привозити |
broadcast |
broadcast(ed) |
|
broadcast(ed) |
транслювати, передавати по |
|
|
|
|
paдіo |
build |
build |
|
build |
будувати |
burn |
burnt, burned |
|
burnt, burned |
пекти, спалювати; засмагати |
|
|
|
|
(на cонці) |
burst |
burst |
|
burst |
розривати(ся), вибухати |
buу |
bought |
|
bought |
купувати |
cast |
cast |
|
cast |
кидати |
catch |
caught |
|
caught |
ловити |
choose |
chose |
|
chosen |
вибирати |
соmе |
саmе |
|
соmе |
приходити, прибувати, |
|
|
|
|
приїжджати |
cost |
cost |
|
cost |
коштувати |
сrеер |
crept |
|
crept |
повзати, крастися |
cut |
cut |
|
cut |
різати, краяти |
deal |
dealt |
|
dealt |
завдавати удару, спілкуватися, |
|
|
|
|
мати справу, розглядати |
|
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|
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питання |
dig |
dug |
|
dug |
копати, рити |
do |
did |
|
done |
робити, виконувати, |
|
|
|
|
здійснювати |
draw |
drew |
|
drawn |
тягти, креслити, малювати |
dream |
dreamed, dreamt |
|
dreamed, dreamt |
мріяти, бачити уві сні |
drink |
drank |
|
drunk |
пити, пиячити |
drive |
drove |
|
driven |
гнати, везти, підвозити |
eat |
ate |
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eaten |
їсти |
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|
225 |
|
|
IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive |
Past Simple |
|
Past Participle |
Translation |
fall |
fеl |
|
fallen |
падати, опускатися |
feed |
fed |
|
fed |
годувати (худобу) |
feel |
felt |
|
felt |
відчувати на дотик; почувати |
fight |
fought |
|
fought |
битися, боротися |
find |
found |
|
found |
знаходити |
flу |
flew |
|
flown |
літати |
forbid |
forbade, forbad |
|
forbidden |
забороняти |
forecast |
forecast, |
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forecast, forecasted |
передбачати, прогнозувати |
|
forecasted |
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forego |
forewent |
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foregone |
передувати, відмовлятися від |
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чогось |
foreknow |
foreknew |
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foreknown |
знати наперед |
foresee |
foresaw |
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foreseen |
передбачати |
forget |
forgot |
|
forgotten |
забувати |
forgive |
forgave |
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forgiven |
пробачати |
freeze |
froze |
|
frozen |
замерзати; покриватися |
|
|
|
|
кригою, мерзнути |
get |
got |
|
got |
одержувати, добувати |
give |
gave |
|
given |
давати, віддавати |
go |
went |
|
gone |
ходити, їхати |
grave |
graved |
|
graven,graved |
гравіювати, витісувати |
grind |
ground |
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ground |
молоти, товкти |
grow |
grew |
|
grown |
виростати, збільшуватися, |
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зростати |
hang |
hung, hanged |
|
hung, hanged |
вішати, висіти |
have |
had |
|
had |
мати, володіти, містити |
hеаr |
heard |
|
heard |
чути |
hide |
hid |
|
hidden, hid |
ховати |
hit |
hit |
|
hit |
бити |
hold |
held |
|
held |
тримати |
hurt |
hurt |
|
hurt |
пошкодити, завдати болю |
keep |
kept |
|
kept |
зберігати, доглядати |
know |
knew |
|
known |
знати |
lay |
laid |
|
laid |
класти |
lead |
led |
|
led |
вести |
lean |
leant, leaned |
|
leant, leaned |
нахилятися |
leap |
leapt, leaped |
|
leapt, leaped |
стрибати |
learn |
learnt, learned |
|
learnt, learned |
вивчати |
leave |
left |
|
left |
піти, поїхати, залишати |
lend |
lent |
|
lent |
позичати |
let |
let |
|
let |
пускати, дозволяти |
lie |
lay |
|
laid |
лежати |
light |
lighted, lit |
|
lighted, lit |
освітлюватися |
lose |
lost |
|
lost |
губити, втрачати |
make |
made |
|
made |
робити, виготовляти |
mеаn |
meant |
|
meant |
мати намір, означати |
meet |
met |
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met |
зустрічати(ся) |
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|
226 |
|
|
IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive |
Past Simple |
|
Past Participle |
Translation |
melt |
melted |
|
melted, molten |
танути, топитися |
mistake |
mistook |
|
mistaken |
помилятися |
misunderstand |
misunderstood |
|
misunderstood |
неправильно розуміти |
mow |
mowed |
|
mowed, mown |
косити |
overcome |
overcame |
|
overcome |
подолати, перемогти, оволодіти |
|
|
|
|
(про почуття) |
overhear |
overheard |
|
overheard |
підслуховувати |
рау |
paid |
|
paid |
платити, звертати увагу |
put |
put |
|
put |
класти, ставити |
read |
read [red] |
|
read [red] |
читати |
rebuild |
rebuilt |
|
rebuilt |
відбудовувати |
repay |
repaid |
|
repaid |
віддавати борг, повертати |
reset |
reset |
|
reset |
знову встановлювати |
retell |
retold |
|
retold |
розповідати, переказувати |
rewrite |
rewrote |
|
rewritten |
переписувати, переробляти, |
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|
|
редагувати |
rid |
rid |
|
rid |
позбавляти від чогoсь, |
|
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|
звільнятися від чогось |
ride |
rode |
|
ridden |
їхати верхи |
ring |
rang |
|
rung |
дзвонити, телефонувати |
rise |
rose |
|
risen |
сходити, підводитися, |
|
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|
|
збільшуватися |
run |
ran |
|
run |
бігти |
saw |
sawed |
|
sawn, sawed |
пиляти, розпилювати |
say |
said |
|
said |
говорити, сказати |
see |
saw |
|
seen |
бачити, розумiти |
seek |
sought |
|
sought |
шукати, прагнути |
sell |
sold |
|
sold |
продавати |
send |
sent |
|
sent |
посилати, передавати |
set |
set |
|
set |
ставити, розташовувати |
sew |
sewed |
|
sеwn, sewed |
шити |
shake |
shook |
|
shaken |
трясти, тремтiти |
shine |
shone |
|
shone |
свiтити(ся), освiтлювати |
shoot |
shot |
|
shot |
стрiляти |
show |
showed |
|
shown |
показувати |
shrink |
shrапk |
|
shrunk |
скорочувати (ся), зменшувати |
|
|
|
|
(ся) |
shut |
shut |
|
shut |
зачиняти (ся) |
sing |
sаng |
|
sung |
спiвати |
sink |
sank |
|
sunk, sunken |
тонути |
sit |
sat |
|
sat |
сидіти |
sleep |
slept |
|
slept |
спати |
smell |
smelt, smelled |
|
smelt, smelled |
нюхати |
speak |
spoke |
|
spoken |
говорити,сказати |
speed |
sped, speeded |
|
sped, speeded |
збiльшувати швидкiсть, |
|
|
|
|
розганятися |
spell |
spelt, spelled |
|
spelt, spelled |
писати (вимовляти) по буквам |
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|
227 |
|
|
IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive |
Past Simple |
Past Participle |
Translation |
spend |
spent |
spent |
витрачати, проводити (час) |
spill |
spilt, spilled |
spilt, spilled |
розливати |
spin |
spun, span |
spun |
крутити (ся) |
split |
split |
split |
розколювати (ся) |
spoil |
spoilt |
spoilt |
псувати (ся) |
spread |
spread |
spread |
поширювати(ся), |
|
|
|
розповсюджувати(ся) |
spring |
sprang |
sprung |
стрибати, з'являтися, виникати |
stand |
stood |
stood |
стояти |
steal |
stole |
stolen |
красти |
stick |
stuck |
stuck |
встромляти, приклеювати, |
|
|
|
дотримуватися |
sting |
stung |
stung |
жалити |
strike |
struck |
struck, stricken |
бити, ударяти |
strive |
strove |
striven |
старатися, намагатися |
sunburn |
sunburned, |
sunburned,sunbunt |
засмагати |
|
sunburnt |
|
|
swear |
swore |
sworn |
клястися |
sweat |
sweat, sweated |
sweat, sweated |
пiтнiти |
sweep |
swept |
swept |
мести |
swim |
swam |
swum |
плавати |
swing |
swung |
swung |
гойдати(ся) |
take |
took |
taken |
брати, взяти |
teach |
taught |
taught |
учити, навчати, викладати |
tear |
tore |
torn |
рвати |
tell |
told |
told |
казати, розповiдати |
think |
thought |
thought |
думати |
thrive |
throve |
thriven |
процвiтати |
throw |
threw |
thrown |
кидати |
understand |
understood |
understood |
розумiти |
undertake |
undertook |
undertaken |
починати щось, братися до |
|
|
|
чогось |
wake |
woke, waked |
woken, waked |
прокидатися |
wear |
wore |
worn |
носити |
weave |
wove |
woven |
ткати |
weep |
wept |
wept |
плакати |
win |
won |
won |
перемагати |
wind |
wound |
wound |
витися, заводити |
wring |
wrung |
wrung |
скручувати |
write |
wrote |
written |
писати |
228
Appendix 6: ABBREVIATIONS AND SHORTENINGS
Abbreviations |
Latin |
English |
Українська |
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and |
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Shortenings |
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A. D. |
Anno Domini |
|
нашої ери |
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B. C. |
|
Before Christ |
до нашої ери |
|
|
|
|
a. m. |
ante meridiem |
|
до полудня, ранок |
|
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p. m. |
post meridiem |
|
після полудня, |
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день, вечір |
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|
|
etc. |
etcetera |
and so on |
тощо |
|
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exc. |
|
except |
крім, окрім |
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e. g. |
exampli gratia |
for example |
наприклад |
|
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|
|
i. e. |
id est |
in other word(s) |
тобто |
|
|
that is |
|
id. |
|
the same |
один і той самий |
|
|
|
|
cf. |
confer |
compare |
порівняй |
|
|
|
|
fig. |
|
figure |
1) цифра |
|
|
|
2) рисунок, |
|
|
|
малюнок, схема |
v. s. |
|
see above |
дивись вище |
|
|
|
|
vs. |
versus |
as against |
проти |
|
|
|
|
v. v. |
vice versa |
on the contrary |
навпаки |
|
|
|
|
229
Appendix 7: MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS
+ |
addition, plus (to add) |
− |
subtraction, minus (to subtract) |
˟ |
multiplication (to multiple (by), times) |
: |
division (to divide (by)) |
= |
is, equals, is equal |
≠ |
is not equal to |
~ |
similar to |
> |
greater than |
< |
less than |
≥ |
equal or greater than |
∞ |
infinity, infinite |
[ ] |
square brackets |
( ) |
round brackets |
{ } |
braces |
52 |
five squared |
63 |
six cubed |
75 |
seven to the fifth power |
' |
minute, foot, feet (pl.) |
" |
second, inch |
|
angle |
|
|
|
a prime |
|
|
|
a second prime or a double prime |
|
|
|
a third prime or a triple prime |
|
|
|
limit |
|
|
|
Logarithm |
|
|
|
function of x |
|
|
|
Summation |
|
|
|
differential of x |
|
|
|
absolute value of x |
|
|
|
integral of |
|
|
|
integral of a function of x over dx |
|
|
230