EngМетодВказ2курс
.pdf10. The new device enables __ to examine the process more thoroughly.
that
this
one
Word-Building
I. Translate the sentenses paying attention to the mening of the prefix.
«inter» adds «between» or «among» to the meaning of a word.
1.In the the experiment we traced the paths of electrons through interlocking magnetic fields.
2.An interoffice memo is written communication between employees or employer within the same company.
3.In analytic geometry, the intersection of a line and a plane can be the empty set, a point, or a line.
4.We will present an outline of the proof of the Intermediate Value Theorem on the next page.
5.The identification of two scales in the interstellar medium provides strong support for the model.
6.All things are hanging together, intertwined, members of each other.
7.In only a few cases the scarcity of renewable resources is a factor in interstate conflicts.
8.The client applications do not interact with databases directly.
9.The space between or among things is called interspace.
10.An interlinear gloss is a series of brief descriptions or definitions placed between a line of original text and its translation in another language.
II. Form the nouns from the following nouns using suffixes –ian, -ist.
physics, mathematics, medicine, genetics, technique, politics, science, chemistry,
mechanics, acoustics.
Scientific Communication
I. Write a short summary of the text «Reflection».
II. Suggest your own titles of the following text and prepare a dialogue on it.
A whispering gallery is most simply constructed in the form of a circular wall. It allows whispered communication from any part of the internal side of the circumference to any other part. The sound is carried by waves, known as whispering-gallery waves, that travel around the circumference clinging to the walls.This effect was discovered in the whispering gallery of St Paul's Cathedral in London. The extent to which the sound travels at St Paul's can also be judged by clapping in the gallery, which produces four echoes.
The gallery may also be in the form of an ellipse or ellipsoid, with an accessible point at each focus. In this case, when a visitor stands at one focus and whispers, the line of sound emanating from this focus reflects directly to the focus at the other end of the gallery, where the whispers may be heard.
Other historical examples are the Gol Gumbaz mausoleum in Bijapur and the Echo Wall of the Temple of Heaven in Beijing. A hemispherical enclosure will also guide whispering gallery waves.
Unit 3
I. Memorize the following words:
balloon – повітряна куля bend – згинати
bond – скріплювати cause – спричиняти
converge – сходитися в одній точці convex – опуклий
diminish – зменшувати, послабляти distribute – розповсюджувати diverge – розходитися
flexible – гнучкий mixture – суміш surround – оточувати
timepiece – годинник, хронометр
transparent – прозорий
veer – змінювати напрямок
witness – свідок.
II. Talk to your partner and try to find out if he/she knows the answers to
these questions:
1.Give some examples of refraction.
2.Why is the water depth different from that the water appears to be when viewed from above?
3.Why does a stick dipped into water seem to be broken?
4.Does the angle of refraction depend on medium?
5.Is sound velocity changed due to refraction?
6.Does refraction of seismic waves take place?
7.Does it help to predict earthquakes?
8.What do you know about Irish physicist John Tyndall?
9.What was discovered by Tyndall as a result of experiments with light rays and different media?
10.Have you ever made experiments with light?
III. Read the text quickly and find out the words which mean:
1.a flexible bag filled with a type of gas
2.distance traveled divided by the time of travel
3.the mixture of gases (as nitrogen and oxygen) that surrounds the earth
4.a piece of transparent material (as glass) used for forming an image by focusing rays of light
5.a small portable timepiece
6.the surface of points having the same phase
7.someone who is appointed to act as a witness
8.any oxide containing two oxygen atoms per molecule, both of which are bonded to an atom of another element
9.a widely distributed element that occurs in a pure state as diamond and graphite
10. moving air, especially a natural and perceptible movement of air parallel to or along the ground
III. Translate the text into Ukrainian.
Refraction
Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its speed. It is caused by sound entering the new medium at an angle. Because of the angle, part of the wave enters the new medium first and changes speed. The difference in speeds causes the wave to bend. This is most commonly observed when a wave passes from one medium to another at any angle other than 90° or 0°.
Tyndall placed a watch in front of a balloon filled with carbon dioxide, which is heavier than air, and now found that the sound was heard at a definite place on the other side of the balloon. The sound wave thus converged to a focus on the other side of the balloon, which therefore has the same effect on sound waves as a convex lens has on light waves.
If the balloon is filled with hydrogen which is lighter than air, the sound waves diverge on passing through the balloon. The latter thus acts similarly to a concave lens when light waves are incident on it. The refraction of sound explains why sounds are easier to hear at night than during day-time. In the latter case the upper layers of air are colder than the layers near the earth. The intensity of the sound waves thus diminishes. At night-time, however, the layers of the air near the earth are colder than those higher up, and hence sound waves are now refracted towards the earth, with a consequent increase in intensity. For a similar reason, a distant observer hears a sound from a source more easily when the wind is blowing towards, the bottom of the sound wavefront is moving slower than the upper part and hence the wavefronts veer upwards away from the ground and observer. The sound intensity thus diminishes. This phenomenon is hence another example of the refraction of sound.
Vocabulary, Comprehension and Summary Writing
I. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text:
1.What happens to sound wave traveling in one material when it enters another material at an angle other than normal to surface between the two materials?
2.What time sound waves are refracted towards the earth increase in intensity at?
3.What can change the speed of sound?
4.What angle does refraction occur at?
5.What results did Tyndall’s experiments provided with?
6.How does the direction of wind affect the sound?
7.When are sounds easier to hear?
8.Why does a distant observer hear a sound from a source more easily when the wind is blowing towards?
9.How did Tyndall compare sound and light?
10.How does the sound intensity change as the wavefront goes upwards away from the ground?
II. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
1.Refraction is most commonly observed when a wave passes from one medium to another at the right angle.
2.The refraction of sound can explain the phenomenon of different sound hearing at night and during day-time.
3.Tyndall’s experiments showed the difference between sound and light.
4.At night the upper layers of air are colder than the layers near the earth.
5.When the layers of the air near the earth are warmer than those higher up the intensity of the sound waves increases.
6.If the direction wind blowing is from the sound source to the distant observer he can hear the sound better than in other cases.
7.The bottom of the sound wavefront of wind is moving faster than the upper part.
8.The wind wavefronts move upwards away from the ground.
9.A balloon filled with substance which is lighter than air acts for sound waves like convex lens for light.
10.The cause of refraction is the change in speed.
III. Fill in the gaps with the following words and word combinations.
concave, mixture, transparent, diminish, surrounded, flexible, diverge, veer,
balloon, refract
1.In the house there are speakers in every room and we are ______ by sound.
2.The easily deformable or ______ pipe is made of latex.
3.The air was saturated with ______ of perfumes.
4.Any type of wave can ______ when it interacts with a medium.
5.A ______ lens has two focal points - one on each side.
6.A ______ of carbon dioxide acts like a convex lens, focusing the sound wave.
7.The warm hour returns with ______ of wind.
8.Some details are made of ______ material.
9.As the distance from the source increases the noise levels decrease and effects
______.
10.For a sound emitting transducer acoustic centre is the point from which the spherical waves appear to ______ as observed at remote points.
IV. Match the beginning of each sentence with the end.
1. |
In general, the incident wave is |
a. . that the act of observation will |
|
partially refracted |
make on the phenomenon being |
|
|
observed. |
2. |
The simplest form of a wavefront is |
b. , but not direction. |
|
the plane wave, |
|
3. |
At the boundary between the media, |
c.. the oldest successful human- |
|
the wave's phase velocity is altered, |
carrying flight technology. |
4. |
As the waves travel from deep water |
d. where the rays are parallel to one- |
|
into shallower water near the shore, |
another. |
5. The hot air balloon is |
e. and partially reflected. |
|
6.Since refraction can make objects f. usually causing a change in direction. appear closer than they are
7.Sound waves from a sound source g. so that the sound level of sounds
are converged to a focus ,
8.In physics, the term observer effect refers to changes
9.A ray traveling perpendicular to the boundary will change speed
10.A concave lens has
propagating to the sound receiving point can be reduced.
h. . two focal points - one on each side.
i.they are refracted from their original direction of travel to an angle more normal to the shoreline.
j.it is responsible for allowing water to magnify objects.
Grammar Structure in Scientific English
I. Put the verbs in brackets into Perfect or Perfect Continuous Tenses.
1.I ________ Internet technologies since 1992. (to study)
2.The Commission _______ three new programs since December. (to launch)
3.They _______ network development for 5 years. (to coordinate)
4.I still ________ a report about international characters usage. (to write)
5.Although the students _______ on the project for six weeks, their report was not ready by the due date. (to work)
6.Before the hydrogen project began, the engineers _______ hybrid technology. (to develop)
7.Since becoming aware of global warming, researchers ________ clean energy sources to replace fossil fuels. (to investigate)
8.Recent studies _______ that more efficient water management will be needed as global warming increases. (to show)
9.In the past five years several hybrid vehicles ________ by car manufacturers. (to be developed)
10.Thus, as it _______ earlier, the method has great scientific potential. (to be shown)
II. Complete the sentences with one of the verbals.
1. ___ a loud noise, we ran to the window.
hearing
heard
being heard
2 ___ this article you will give up smoking.
reading
read
having read
3.They objected to the youngest colleague's ____ the command position. giving
given being given
4.We are all sorry about your ____ that job.
lost
having lost
being lost
5.Asking questions is much more easier than ___ them. answering
answered being answered
6.Refraction can be ___ when looking into a bowl of water. seing
seen having seen
7.If a person looks at a straight objectwhich is partially placed in the water, the
object appears ___ at the water's surface.
to bend
to have bent
to be bending
8.In underwater acoustics, refraction is ___ of a sound ray that results when the ray passes through a sound speed gradient from a region of one sound speed to a region of a different speed.
bending
bent
to bend
9.The stick appears ___, due to refraction of light as it emerges into the air. to breake
to be broken to be breaking
10.Total internal reflections can be demonstrated ___ a semi-circular glass block.
using
used
having used
Word-Building
I. Translate the sentenses paying attention to the mening of the prefix .
«over» adds «too much» to the meaning of a word.
1.I would have preferred fewer instruments because the sound is a bit overdone at times
2.Current paths overlap as they flow toward ground pin, creating a large mutual inductance loop.
3.Overcoats in various forms have been used by militaries and were especially associated with winter campaigns.
4.To overcome the compressed-air pressure in the cylinder, the fuel must be under higher pressure than in port-injection configurations.
5.The government is going overboard in Internet copyright control nowadays.
6.The overbuilt part across the entire area of the common bridging comprises several floors.
7.Overcharging the battery may shorten its lifetime.
8.The clerk, according to his ethics, makes no attempt to ever overhear a conversation.
9.A luxury product can be an example of overfull demand according to consumer perspective.
10.Overdrive is a term used to describe a mechanism allowing an automobile to cruise at sustained speed with reduced engine , leading to better fuel economy.
II. Form the nouns from the following adjectives using suffixes –ity, -ty, -
ness, -cy.
dark, frequent, similar, full, urgent, responsible, relative, efficient, safe, possible.
Scientific Communication
I. Make up a plan of the text. Speak about refraction.
II. Write a composition about John Tyndall and his experiments.
Unit 4
I. Memorize the following words:
cease – припинити decay – слабшати distinct – чіткий duration – тривалість effort – зусилля
emit – випромінювати exert – напружувати (сили) merge – зливатись interruption – переривання
inversely proportional – зворотно пропорційний persistence – сталість, тривалість
succession – послідовність stopwatch – секундомір
validity – правильність, обгрунтованість wind chest – повітряна камера.
II. Work in pairs. Ask your partner the following questions: