EngМетодВказ2курс

1.Could you predict what the text is about?

2.What do you know about reverberation?

3.Is it possible the phenomenon of reverberation outdoor?

4.Do you think, that reverberation time depends on an observer?

5.Can we influence the reverberation?

6.Is there any difference between direct and reflected sounds?

7.Does the number of listeners affect the reverberation of the hall?

8.What is the difference between halls used for lectures and those used for concerts?

9.What does the loudness of sound depend on?

10.What is called the sound intensity?

III. Scan through the text and find out the words which mean:

1.a tone of definite pitch

2.a hollow cylinder in which air vibrates to produce a musical sound

3.a test under controlled conditions that is made to examine the validity of a hypothesis

4.a speech delivered before an audience especially for instruction

5.a person who speaks formally before an audience

6.an instrument that converts sound waves into an electric current

7.communication through talking

8.sound produced by human being

9.repetition of a sound by reflection of sound waves from a surface

10.a watch that can be instantly started and stopped by pushing a button and used to measure an exact duration of

III. Translate the text into Ukrainian.

Echo and Reverberation

Reverberation is the persistence of sound in a particular space after the original sound is removed. It is created when a sound is produced in an enclosed space causing a large number of echoes to build up and then slowly decay as the sound is absorbed by the walls and air and measured by the time taken for

intensity of note of 500c/sec to fall to one millionth of its value after the source has ceased emitting sounds. This intensity change is equivalent to a sound of relative intensity about 3xI07 becoming inaudible. The desirable value of this time depends on the size of hall and the purpose to which it is being put. In comparison to a distinct echo, reverberation is many thousands of echoes that arrive in very quick succession. As time passes, the volume of the many echoes is reduced until the echoes cannot be heard at all. In the late 19th century, Wallace Clement Sabine started experiments at Harvard University to investigate the impact of absorption on the reverberation time. Using a portable wind chest and organ pipes as a sound source, a stopwatch and his ears, he measured the time from interruption of the source to inaudibility. He found that the reverberation time is proportional to the dimensions of room and inversely proportional to the amount of absorption present.

Consider a hall being used for lectures. The reverberation time being too long, then one word will merge with another and the speech will become unintelligible. Too short a reverberation time might mean that the intensity in remote parts of the hall is too small to be audible unless the speaker exerts more effort. This consideration is not so important nowadays, as a microphone aid may be given to render any voice audible in any size of hall.

Vocabulary, Comprehension and Summary Writing

I. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text:

1.What phenomenon is called reverberation?

2.What is reverberation caused by?

3.Where does the phenomenon of sound reverberation take place?

4.How does the volume of echo change as time passes?

5.What does too long reverberation time lead to?

6.How does microphones influence the reverberation time?

7.What does the desirable value of reverberation time depend on?

8.What was investigated by Wallace Clement Sabine?

9.What is the disadvantage if too short reverberation time?

10. How can we compare reverberation and echo?

II. Agree or disagree with the statements given below.

1.The desirable value of reverberation time depends on the purpose to which it is being put.

2.Echo is many thousands of reverberations that arrive in very quick succession.

3.The words merge with one another because the reverberation time being too long.

4.The more the reverberation time, the greater the sound absorption.

5.There is no dependence between reverberation time and the volume of the hall.

6.Reverberation takes place only together with original sound.

7.Carrying out his experiments Wallace Clement Sabine relied on the accurate devices only.

8.Too short reverberation time doesn’t play any role when a microphone aid is

used.

9.The longer the reverberation, the less the sound intensity.

10.The process of reverberation is the result of sound reflection and absorption.

III. Fill in the gaps with the following words and word combinations.

ceasing, effort, stopwatch, succession, wind chest, emit, organ pipes, decay,

sound intensity, duration

1.The timing functions are traditionally controlled by two buttons on the case of the _____.

2.The signal from the timer determines the _____of the procedure.

3.A small bellows is occasionally added externally to a _____ , connected to it by a small tube which conducts air to the bellows.

4.It will take a lot of vocal _____ to be heard over an equivalent distance in this non-reverberant space, but the sound which does get through will be easier to understand.

5.The Sea Organ is a natural musical instrument, seventy meters long with thirtyfive _____.

6.Delay can add an interesting echo effect to music, where repeated lines or words can be heard in repetitive _____.

7.Echo in mountains is distinct by reason of distance of travel after original signal _____ .

8.The whale is likely to _____ a low frequency echolocation signal on a continuous basis while it is swimming.

9.The actual time it takes for a sound to diminish to silence is the _____ time.

10.The most common approach to _____ measurement is to use the decibel scale:

IV. Match the beginning of each sentence with the end.

adverbial modifier

predicate

3.The rate of a reaction depends on the specific nature of the substances involved.

attribute

adverbial modifier

predicate

4.The article presents a simple model of the cochlear reflectivity, based on the analogy between two kinds of equations.

attribute adverbial modifier predicate

5. This law takes into account forms of energy other than those discussed so far. attribute

adverbial modifier predicate

III. Define the function of the Gerund in the sentences.

1. By utilizing the high resolution of sigma delta converters, it is possible to consider the required system.

Attribute

Object

Adverbial Modifier

2. Digitizing the complete signal to the required resolution will allow to separate it from the variable dc baseline.

Subject

Attribute

Object

3.The traditional way of doing it was to compute the differentials between electrodes by means of hardware.

Subject

Attribute

Object

4.In view of the very large dynamic range of hearing in humans, it is suggested that this observation is physiologically irrelevant.

Subject

Attribute

Adverbial Modifier

5.The auditory sense organ in mammals has developed special sensory cells to enhance sensitivity by amplifying low-level sound signals mechanically.

Attribute

Object

Adverbial Modifier

Word-Building

I. Translate the sentenses paying attention to the mening of the prefix .

«re» adds «again» or «back» to the meaning of the word.

1.By using this book as an ongoing reference, you will reinforce the lessons.

2.When the program is reopened, it reapplies the docking information, restoring the window's previous configuration.

3.The best course of action is to remove all duplicate fields from the tables in your database.

4.The article describes how to rewind a transformer from an old microwave for many possible uses.

5.The task was to rebuild the destroyed capital city as fast as possible.

6.The vertical frequency or refresh rate determines the stability of your image.

7.The fees for hard drive recovery are in price list.

8.The process of getting something back is called regain.

9.Straight lines, fit via standard regression methods, reveal positive values of the variable.

10.I need not remind you of the extreme importance of the situation.

II. Form the adjectives from the following verbs using suffixes –ive, -ous, -

ent.

to depend, to continue, to act, to attract, to repeate, to differ, to compare, to

imagine, to execute, to operate.

Scientific Communication

I. Discuss the following points:

1.Places where echo occurs.

2.Reverberation of this classroom.

II. Write a short summary of the text.

Unit 5

I. Memorize the following words:

accept – приймати, погоджуватись, допускати adjust – регулювати, наcтроювати

appreciate – цінувати, оцінювати artificial – штучний

carry out – проводити (експеримент) fabric – тканина

footprint – відбиток (ноги) incline – нахиляти

Intelligibility – чіткість loudness – гучність pitch – висота (звуку) reveal – виявляти sermon – проповідь slope – схил, укіс smudge – бруднити.

II. Talk to your partner and try to find out if he/she knows the answers to

these questions:

1. What is the difference between echo and reverberation?

2.Does the quality of sound depend of the volume of hall?

3.Is there any dependence of the sound intensity on its loudness?

4.Does reverberation time depend on loudness of sound?

5.What role for the sound quality does the material of walls, ceiling and floor play?

6.Is reverberation time affected by the shape of the hall?

7.Is it possible to make artificial reverberation due to acoustic equipment?

8.What is artificial reverberation used for?

9.Do we use reverberation to make artificial effect of remote sound?

10.Is it true, that the more reverberation time, the more pleasant the sounds?

III. Read the text quickly and find out the words which mean:

1.a talk on a religious or moral subject delivered as part of a church service

2.a sound of distinct pitch, quality, and duration

3.a narrow strip or band of fine fabric

4.a sound that is loud, unpleasant, unexpected, or undesired

5.a device designed to measure time, distance, speed, or intensity

6.the separation of an intellectual or material whole into its constituent parts for individual study

7.something on which sound or visual images have been stored.

8.an art of sound that expresses ideas and emotions in significant forms through the elements of rhythm, melody, harmony, and color.

9.an inclined line, surface, plane, position, or direction

10.a visible mark, such as a footprint, made or left by the passage of a person, animal, or thing

III. Translate the text into Ukrainian.

Echo and Reverberation (continuation)

The maximum reverberation time for intelligibility is about 1 sec. Compare this with the 10 to 15 seconds reverberations times of some large cathedrals and it will be appreciated why it was so difficult to hear sermons in them before public address systems were installed.

Music being played, a somewhat longer reverberation time is desirable. A certain degree of blending of one note with the next in pleasing; this is what the musicians call "fullness of tone". Too long a reverberation time, however, results in smudging of the music and loss of detail, particularly in rapid passage. Quite often a hall is used for both music and speech, and then a compromise must be made.

The desirable reverberation time depends also on the volume of the hall, being slightly higher for the larger halls. The Royal Festival Hall in London has a reverberation time about 1,75 sec, while for a small hall the optimum reverberation time is about 1,5 sec. There is no general accepted relationship between reverberation time and volume other than this trend. In any particular hall reverberation should be adjusted to give an acceptable result; this, unfortunately, may be different for different people. Historically reverberation time could only be measured using a level recorder (a plotting device which graphs the noise level against time on a ribbon of moving paper). A loud noise is produced, and as the sound dies away the trace on the level recorder will show a distinct slope. Analysis of this slope reveals the measured reverberation time. Some modern digital sound level meters can carry out this analysis automatically.

Vocabulary, Comprehension and Summary Writing

I. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text:

1.What does the reverberation time depend on?

2.Why did cathedrals public address systems make the process of listening to sermons easier?

3.What is called “fullness of tone”?

4.How can reverberation time be revealed due to sound level meters?

5.What reverberation time is needed for small halls?

6.What meaning of reverberation time caused loss of details?

7.Does reverberation time depend on the observer?

8.Is it possible to adjust reverberation time?

9.Could you give the definition of level recorder?