Особенности перевода определительных оборотов с пассивным причастием

the x + xed + (prp)

Xed/3 форма глагола

Английские причастные обороты, образованные от глаголов, соответствующие русские эквиваленты которых принимают предложные дополнения, переводятся на русский язык определительными придаточными предложениями, начинающимися с соответветствующего предлога:

This is the book so much spoken about.

Вот книга, о которой так много говорят.

Запомните значения следующих глаголов:

a)

agree upon (on) договориться, условиться о

arrive at приходить к (заключению, решению)

depend on (upon) зависеть от

insist on (upon) настаивать на

look at смотреть на

look after наблюдать за

refer to ссылаться на; упоминать о

send for посылать за

speak, talk about (of) говорить о (об)

b)

attack (smb., smth.) начинать (работу, исследование)

follow (smb., smth.) следовать, следить за кем-либо, чем-либо; следовать чему-либо

join (smb., smth.) присоединяться (к группе), поступать (на работу)

influence(smb., smth.) влиять, оказывать воздействие на что-либо, кого-либо

1.Выделите определительные обороты с пассивными причастиями, перевод которых необходимо начинать с предлога.

1. 1 agreed upon, 2 arrived at, 3 followed by, 4 attacked by, 5 joined by, 6 referred to, 7s carried out;

2. 8 insisted upon, 9s influenced by, 10 looked at, 11 looked after, 12 relied on, 13 founded in, 14 send for.

2. Дайте русский эквивалент речевым отрезкам, учитывая особенности перевода определительных оборотов с пассивным причастием.

The invention followed by, the method agreed upon, the data looked at, the properties depended on, the results arrived at, the discovery spoken about, the figures looked at.

3. Дайте русские эквиваленты предложениям , принимая во внимание особенности перевода определительных оборотов с пассивным причастием.

1. The report followed by a lively discussion was rather cognitive.

2. The terms agreed upon were favorable.

3. The paper often referred to by many scientists was published two times.

4. The figures referred to in the report appeared last year.

5. The terms insisted upon could not be accepted.

6. The experiment watched with interest attracted attention of many researchers.

7. The new invention much spoken about was a real break through.

8. The data looked at with great attention were unique.

9. The lecture followed by experiments took place last week.

10. The laboratory of microelectronics joined by Professor Brown was established ten years ago.

11. The problems of nanotechnologies attacked at the laboratory are of utmost interest.

12. The properties of the material influenced by electromagnetic radiation were taken into consideration.

5. Признаки распознавания независимого причастного оборота, его место в предложении и порядок перевода

В начале предложения:

The x +

xing1

, the x …

когда (так как, поскольку) кто-то делает, делал, будет делать

The experiment being carried aut, I will show the results to you. – Когда эксперимент будет проведен, я покажу вам результаты.

В конце предложения

…, (with) the x

xing1

и (а, но) кто-то делает, делал, будет делать

There are many theatres in Moscow, the most beautiful the Bolshoi Theatre having been reconstructed lately. – В Москве много театров, причем (и, а, но) самый красивый Большой театр был недавно реконструирован.

¹Употребляются формы причастий having xed, being xed, xed /3я форма неправильных глаголов), having been xed.

Примечание – Формы, начинающиеся с заглавной буквы The, Xed, Xing, означают начало предложения

1. a) В каждом ряду найдите независимые причастные обороты, имеющие значение «когда кто-то делал» и «когда кто-то сделал», «и кто-то делает (делал)», «и кто-то сделал».

1. The x having been 1ed; The x 2ing, the x; The x having 3ed, the x; , the x 4ing; , the x having 5ed.

2., the x 6ing; , the x having 7ed; The x is being 8ed,; The x 9ing, the x; The x having 10ed, the x.

3. The x 11ing, the x; The xs are 12ing; The x having 13ed, the x; , the x 14ing; , the x having 15ed.

4., the x 16ing; , the x having 17ed; The x was 18ing; The x 19ing, the x; The x having 20ed, the x.

5. The x having been 21ed, the x; The x 22ing, the x; The x having 23ed, the x; ,the x 24ing; , the x having 25ed.

6., the x having 26ed; The x being 27ed, the x; The x 28ing, the x; The x having 29ed, the x; , the x 30ing.

7., the x 31ing; The x having 32ed, the x; The x having been 33ed, the x; , the x 34ing; The x 35ing, the x;

b) В каждом ряду найдите независимые причастные обороты, имеющие значение «когда кто-то делалось», «когда кто-то было сделано», «и кто-то делалось», «и кто-то было сделано»..

1. The x having been 1ed, the x;The x 2ing, the x; The x 3ed, the x; The x having been 4ed, the x; The x being 5ed, the x.

2. The x 6ed, the x; The x having been 7ed, the x; The x being 8ed, the x;, with the x 9ed; The x having 10ed, the x.

3. The x being 11ed, the x; The x having 12ed, the x; The x having been 13ed, the x;, the x being 14ed; with the x 15ed.

4. The x 16ing, the x; The x 17ed, the x; The x having been 18ed, the x; The xs having been 19ed, the x; The x being 20ed, the x.

5. The x 21ed, the x; The x having been 22ed, the x; The x being 23ed, the x; The x having 24ed, the x;, with the x 25ed;

6. The x having been 26ed, the x;The x 27ed, the x; The x having been 28ed, the x; The x being 29ed, the x; The x 30ing, the x.

7. The x being 31ed, the x; The x 32ed, the x;, with the x 33ed; The x having 34ed, the x; The x having been 35ed, the x.

2. Найдите сходства и различия в подчеркнутых структурах и дайте их русский эквивалент.

1) Some new devices having been obtained, the researchers could make more complex experiments.

2) It being late, we decided to stop working.

3) The average height of the Ural mountains is 800 metres, the highest point being 1,500 metres above sea level.

4) The installation was automized last year, its capacity rising by 25 per cent.

5) The students wrote their English test-paper, each doing his variant.

6) An electron leaving the surface, the metal becomes positively charged.

7) There are two diagrams in this figure, one of them showing the relation between volume and temperature.

8) With research involving more and more people, the profession of a scientist has become one of the most popular nowadays.

9) Mathematization of science is witnessed in almost all its branches, with specialists in humanities hurriedly joining the process.

3. Определите место независимого причастного оборота, его подлежащее и дайте русские эквиваленты предложений.

1. The temperature of a conductor being raised, the motion of the electrons in the conductor increases. 2. The resistance being very large, the current in the circuit was small. 3. Transistors are very sensitive to light, some of them reacting even to start-light. 4. The first man-made satellite having been set up, it became possible to investigate various types of radiation. 5. A new radio-set having been shown to them, they began to examine its details. 6. We defined the volume, all the measurements having been done with respect to the instruction. 7. Many substances are semi-conductors, germanium and silicon being the most important of them. 8. Part of energy being changed into heat, not all the chemical energy of the battery is transformed into electrical energy. 9. Some scientists do not distinguish between pure and applied mathematics, the distinction being, in fact, of recent origin. 10. They took all the measurements during the actual operation of the machine, this being the usual practice in those days. 11. With everyone being a layman in most fields but his own, it is very important to exchange information on major developments. 12. The universe is now essentially composed of about 90 percent hydrogen and 9 percent helium, with the remaining 1 percent accounting for the more complex atoms. 13. The project abandoned, the leadership in this field passed to another institute. 14. Originally a mathematician, he became engaged first in theoretical physics and then in space research, all these field being closely interconnected.

Text 4

1. Прочитайте текст и скажите, является ли новый стандарт прорывом в технологии беспроводной связи.

2. Определите, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, переведите их на русский язык.

High-speed, wirelessly, implementation, including, limit, obvious, replacement, fast, prevent.

3. Образуйте словосочетания.

1. wireless a) download

2. busy b) connection

3. high-speed c) transfer

4. data d) network

5. fast e) standard

Realising the high-speed wire-free dream

Can you imagine pulling up outside a petrol station and being able to instantly download an HD movie in less time than it takes to fill the car with fuel? Or at home, wirelessly connecting together your TV, tablet, PC and mobile phone and being able to shunt around huge amounts of data between them without long waits. A California laboratory has been testing a new technology that promises to turn these scenarios into reality. It is called Wireless Gigabit - and the Santa Clara lab recently put so-called WiGig devices through their paces to check they were interoperable. The event was very successful. Participant companies were excited about their implementation of the WiGig specifications. It is another step along the road for the high-speed wireless standard which was created in May 2009.

The standard was put through its paces at a PlugFest event in the US. It operates in the unlicensed 60GHz spectrum band, which has little interference, meaning it can offer speeds far higher than traditional wi-fi - up to 7Gbps (gigabits per second). This is a revolution in communication. It offers tools that customers never had before. It is a game-changer in wireless and in a couple of years who knows how many new applications there will be for it. That promise has helped attract several high profile backers including Intel, Microsoft, Cisco and Nokia. The speeds offered by WiGig mean it can shift data in a way that wi-fi can only dream of. Wi-fi networks are very busy and over-crowded and cannot deal with bandwidth-heavy applications. However, there is has one major drawback. WiGig's range is limited to between 10 to 15 metres - a factor that may prevent it being crowned the next-generation wireless standard. Its much shorter range means it isn't so much a replacement for wi-fi as for cable.

Even so, the appeal of a cable-free future is obvious. People’s desire for fast data downloads has caused countless living room corners to resemble spaghetti wire junctions. As devices continue to swap more data, more often with a rising number of other products, there is a growing need for faster wireless transfers.

Interconnectivity of devices in the home will be the key to utilising the ever faster connections we can get because people want easy ways of getting HD video from their camcorder onto their TV, and also onto their tablets.

WiGig is not the only wireless standard offering high-speed data transfers between devices. Ultra-wideband is also designed to carry large amounts of bandwidth over short distances. But so far it has failed to catch on. There are no standards for it and the industry has not really adopted it. Meanwhile WiGig steams ahead. The adoption curve will be slower than for wi-fi because it will rely on a whole ecosystem, and that will take a while to put in place. At first we will see it in laptops and PCs and the peripherals that connect to them.

3. Прочитайте текст и согласитесь или не согласитесь со следующими утверждениями.

1. Wi-Gig is a new data transfer technology.

2. Wi-Gig was created in 2010.

3. Wi-Gig offers the same speed as wi-fi does.

4. Wi-Gig’s main advantage is that it can operate within the range of 10-15 metres.

5. At first we will see this technology in laptops and PCs and the peripherals that connect to them.

Текст 5

Programs and programming languages

1. Соотнесите слова слева с их определениями справа:

1) acronym	a) a series of operations on data, esp. by a computer
2) specify	b) able to be transferred from one machine or system to another
3) compile	c) a collection of programs with related functionality
4) data processing	d) identify clearly and definitely
5) portable	e) a word formed from the initial letters of other words
6) package	f) interpret into machine code

2. Изучите следующие слова и выберите:

1. существительные

1. specification, specify, specific, specified, specifically

2. require, required, requirement

3. link, linkage, linked, linker, linking

2. глаголы

1. compilation, compiler, compile, compiled

2. process, processing, procession, processed

3. convert, converted, convertibility, converter

3. прилагательные

1. compatible, compatibility, compatibly

2. operation, operate, operating, operated

3. payable, payment, pay, paid

3. Выберите правильное слово и дополните каждое предложение.

1. instruction, instruct, instructed, instructor

a Our maths _______ explained to us the principles of binary arithmetic.

b We were _______ to document our programs very carefully.

c Both _______ and data have to be changed to machine code before the computer can operate on them.

2. compilation, compiler, compile, compiled

a Our university computer doesn’t have a PASCAL _______.

b Usually, a programmer _______ his program before he puts in the data.

c A source program can’t be directly processed by the computer until it has been ______.

3. result, results, resulting

a The linkage editor links systems routines to the object module. The _______ program, referred to as the load module, is directly executable by the computer.

b The _______ of these mathematical operations were obtained from the university mainframe and not from my micro.

4. specification, specify, specific, specified, specifically

a Our company three packages with very _______ applications: payroll, accounts receivable, and accounts payable.

b An applications program is designed to do a _______ type of work, such as calculating the stress factor of a roof.

c Did the analyst give the new programmer the _______ necessary to start on the project?

4. Ознакомьтесь с текстом.

Programs and programming languages

1. Computers can deal with different kinds of problems if they are given the right instructions for what to do. Instructions are first written in one of the high-level languages, e.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, PL/1, PASCAL, depending on the type of problem to be solved. A program written in one of these languages is often called a source program, and it can’t be directly processed by the computer until it has been compiled, which means interpreted into machine code. Usually a single instruction written in a high-level-language, when transformed into machine code, results in several instructions. Here is a brief description of some of the many high-level languages:

2. FORTRAN acronym for FORmula TRANslation. This language is used for solving scientific and mathematical problems. It consists of algebraic formulae and English phrases. It was first introduced in the US in 1954.

COBOL acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language. This language is used for commercial purpose. COBOL, which is written using English statements, deals with problems that do not involve a lot of mathematical calculations. It was first introduced in 1959.

ALGOL acronym for ALGOrithmic Language. Originally called IAL, which means International Algebraic Language. It is used for mathematical and scientific purposes. ALGOL was first introduced in Europe in 1960.

PL/1 Programming Language 1. Developed in 1964 to combine features of COBOL and ALGOL. Consequently, it is used for data processing as well as scientific applications.

BASIC acronym for Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. Developed in 1965 at Dartmouth College in the United States for use by students who require a simple language to begin programming.

C was developed in the 1970s to support the UNIX operating system. C is a highly portable general-purpose language.

Other such languages are APL (developed in 1962), PASCAL (named after Blaise Pascal and developed in 1971), and LISP and PROLOG, both of which are used for work in artificial intelligence.

3. When a program written in one of these high-level languages is designed to do a specific type of work such as calculate a company’s payroll or calculate the stress factor on a roof, it is called an applications program. Institutions either purchase these programs as packages or commission their own programmers to write them to meet the specifications of the users.

4. The program produced after the source program has been converted into machine code is referred to as an object program or object module. This is done by a computer program called the compiler, which is unique for each computer. Consequently, a computer needs its own compiler for the various high-level languages if it is expected to accept programs written in those languages.

5. The compiler is a systems program which may be written in any language, but the computer’s operating system is a true systems program which controls the central processing unit, the input, the output, and the secondary memory devices. Another systems program is the linkage editor, which fetches required systems routines and links them to the object module. The resulting program is then called the load module, which is the program directly executable by the computer. Although systems programs are part of the software, they are usually provided by the manufacturer of the machine.

6. Unlike systems programs, software packages are sold by various vendors and not necessarily by the computer manufacturer. They are a set of programs designed to perform certain applications which conform to the particular specifications of the user. Payroll (list of employees and the amount of money to be paid to each of them) is an example of such a package which allows the user to input data and get salary calculations as output. These packages are coded in machine language on magnetic tapes or disks which can be purchased, leased, or rented by users who choose the package that most closely corresponds to their needs.

5. Составьте вопросы к предложенным ответам по тексту..

1. No, it is quite wordy so it is used for commercial purposes.

2. To support the UNIX operating system.

3. An applications program.

4. It is done by the compiler.

5. It fetches systems routine and links them to the object module.

6. No, they are also sold by other vendors.

6. Обобщите информацию о различных компьютерных языках, заполнив таблицу приведенную ниже.

Language	Developed	Function	Characteristic
FORTRAN
	1959
		mathematical and scientific purposes
			combines features of COBOL and ALGOL
BASIC
		to support Unix operating system
	1962

7. Просмотрите 3 абзац и дайте определения программных приложений.

8. Сформулируйте основную идею четвертого абзаца.

9. Найдите английские эквиваленты в абзацах 5 и 6:

Центральный процессор, компоновщик, исходная программа, пакет программ, продавец, загрузочный модуль, приспосабливаться, выбирать (команду или данные из памяти).

10. Ответьте на вопросы:

Do you know any programing language?

Have you ever written programs?