Модуль 4 инфинитивные и причастные обороты

1.1. Инфинитив

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	to x	to be xed	Выражает действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого
Continuous	to be xing	–
Perfect	to have xed	to have been xed	Выражает действие, предшествующее действию глагола-сказуемого
Perfect Continuous	to have been xing	–

Инфинитив (функции)

1. To x	1. Подлежащее	Делать
2.	2. Часть составного глагольного сказуемого
can x, has/ have/had to x, be, is/are/was/were to x,	a) с модальными глаголами эквивалентами модальных глаголов	делать должен/должны/должны были делать должен/должны/должен был/должны были делать
б) shall (should) x, will (would) x	б) для образования будущего времени	делать
сноска 1
3. to x	3. Дополнение (после сказуемого)	делать
4. to x сноска 2	4. Определение (после существительного)	Который будет, должен, нужно, можно делать
5. to x	5. Обстоятельство (перед подлежащим и в конце предложения)	делать
in order to x		чтобы делать
so as to x сноска 3

сноска 1 в) begin, start, continue, cease to x, used to x	в) с глаголами характеризующими протекание действия	делать делал (обычно)
сноска 2 the (first, second, third, etc) to x	Определение	… первым (и.т.д.) кто делал (сделал), делает, будет делать.
сноска 3 …enough to x, too x to x, sufficient to x, sufficiently to x.	Обстоятельство	… достаточный (и т.д.), чтобы делать

1. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих структур с инфинитивом, вместо инфинитива поставьте форму «делать», вместо подлежащего – «кто».

To 1 is, The x can 2, The x will 3, The x begins to 4, The x was xed to 5, The x is the first to 6, The x xs the x to 7, The x is too x to 8, To 9 is, The x may 10, The x shall 11, The x starts to 12, The x is xed to 13, The x is the second to14, The x xs the x in order to 15, To16 is, The x must 17, The x should 18, The x continues to 19, The x is the third to 20, The x xs the x so as to 21, The x is x enough to22, To 23 is, The x has to24, The x is to 25, The x would 26, The x ceases to 27, The x is sufficient to28.

Употребление инфинитива без частицы to

1. shall/will x, should/would x.	1. После вспомогательных глаголов.
2. X the x. Делай что либо	2. В начале предложения с последующим существительным.
3. can x1.	3. После модальных глаголов.
4. …sees the x (him) x2 …видит, что кто-то (он) делает…	4. После глаголов чувственного восприятия + существительное (местоимение me, us, you, him, her, it, them).
5. had better x3	5. После сочетаний.
6.Why x? Why not x? Почему делать? Почему не делать?	6. В вопросах, начинающихся с Why?

¹После модальных глаголов (could), may (might), must, should, would.

²После глаголов чувственного восприятия hear, listen, watch, feel, notice и глаголов let, make.

³После аналогичных структур would rather/sooner x, rather/sooner x than.

2. Выделите инфинитив в активной/пассивной форме.

To 1, to be 2ed, to be 3ing, have 4ed, to have 5ed, be 6ed, to have been 7ed, to have been 8ing, 9ing, having been 10ed, 11, be 12ed, be 13ing, have 14ing, have been 15ing, have 16ed, have being 17ed, having 18ed, being 19ed, to have 20.

3. Найдите в каждом ряду формы, имеющие значение:

a) делать, сделать: to be 1ed, to 2, to be 3ing, have 4ed, to have 5ed, be 6ed, to have been 7ed, to have been 8ing, 9ing, having been 10ed;

b) быть сделанным: to have being 11ed, to have been 12ed, have 13ed, to 14, to be 15ed, to have 16ed, to have been 17ing, to be 18ing, to 19, be 20, have 21ed, have been 22, to have been 23ed.

4. Найдите инфинитивы в а) активе, б) пассиве и дайте их русский эквивалент.

a) to translate, to be translating, to have been translating, to be translated, to write, to be written, to be writing, to have been writing, to have been written, to be asked, to be asking, to ask, ask, to have been asking, to have asked, to finish, to be finishing, to be sitting, to be done, to have done.

b) to receive, to be received, to have been receiving, to have been received, to be receiving, to have been called, to be discussing, to have done, to have come, to be waiting, to sit, to have been asked, to have been helped, to have been learning, to be finished.

5. Дайте русский эквивалент речевых отрезков, учитывая форму инфинитива в действительном/страдательном залоге.

1. to hear the news; 2. to come tomorrow; 3 to be waiting in vain; 4 to be helped by me; 5 to be driving a car; 6 to have done the task; 7 to have crossed that river; 8 to have found him at home; 9 to have been asked about it; 10 to have been learning French.

6. Дайте русские эквиваленты предложений, учитывая форму инфинитива в подчеркнутых структурах.

а) Indefinite Infinitive

1. I called every morning to see if the employees were still in need.

2. The engineer stopped to have a smoke.

3. He came here to speak to the interviewer, not to you.

4. The car was waiting at the door to take them to the conference.

5. To explain the problem he drew diagrams all over the blackboard.

6. The steamship “Minsk” was chartered to carry a cargo of timber from St.Petersburg to Hull.

7. Under clause 35 the charterers were to supply the steamer with icebreaker assistance to enable her to enter or to leave the port of loading.

8. To meet the increased demand for industrial goods, a great number of new shops have been opened in the towns.

9. The first lot is ready for shipment, but to economize on freight we have decided to ship it together with the second lot.

10. Please send us your instructions at once to enable us to ship the machines by the 20th of May.

11. This is for the manager to decide.

12. To see the results of the investigation was a pleasure.

13. I saw him put the chemicals into the test-tube.

14. To research this problem is very expensive.

15. To see is to believe.

b) Continuous Infinitive

1. The employee seems to be waiting in vain.

2. It’s nice to be conducting such an experiment now with you.

3. It was pleasant to be programming again.

4. We thought him to be talking to an employer.

5. We knew him to be working in his room.

6. He seems to be soldering now.

7. He is glad to be mixing chemicals with me.

8. This article explains what may be causing your account to be locked as compromised.

9. It sounds as if your antivirus programme might be causing the problem.

10. These terms can be confusing because the system partition actually contains the files used to boot Windows 7.

c) Perfect Infinitive

1. Pauline must have been carrying out tests since morning.

2. The engineer is glad to have done it

3. He seems to have come to the laboratory.

4. I know him to have been programming for many years.

5. For the last few days she seemed to have been talking to nobody.

6. I am happy to have been working at the factory all these years.

7. I am happy to have worked at the factory all these years.

8. I would like to have talked to this scientist when I was at the conference.

9. He pretended to have seen the results of the research.

10. He pretended to have been experimenting all day.

d) Passive Infinitive

1. The plan of our work will be discussed at the meeting to be held on May 25.

2. Jane remembered to have been told a lot about Mr. Smith.

3. They want to be taken to the conference by their tutor.

4. I am glad to have done all the tests yesterday.

5. We are happy to have been invited to the meeting.

6. I want to be informed of the results of the research.

7. Our programmers are proud to have completed this difficult program.

8. The representative of the firm asked for the documents to be sent by air mail.

9. The mistake must be found soon.

10. We thought the mistake to have been found.

11. This is an article to be translated into French.

12. The seeds to be weighted were brought to the station.

13. I hoped to have found him at the lab.

14. This work must be finished today.

15. She was glad to be helped by me.

7. Найдите формы инфинитива в каждом предложении и дайте русские эквиваленты предложений.

1) I came here to show you our design.

2) To have found our mistake was useful.

3) Isn’t it natural that we like to be praised and don’t like to be scolded?

4) Which is more pleasant: to give or to be given presents?

5) The problem to be solved is of great importance for our research.

6) Matt was very sorry to have forgotten to fix the computer.

7) То obtain these data is necessary for our further work.

8) Jane remembered to have been told a lot about this database.

9) The professor asked the students to make the experiment.

10) The metal to be poured into a mold for casting may contract or expand on solidifying.

11) The device to be used has been carefully examined.

12) Не was the first to apply the new method of work.

13) Nearly all refrigerators to be used at home are based upon the principle that the rapid evaporation of a liquid or the expansion of a gas produce cooling.

14) For the experiment we need several electric devices to be connected in series.

15) It would be impossible to protect metal from corrosion without the films.

16) It is possible for vacuum tubes to convert part of their energy into visible light.

17) The idea to use this substance is not new.

8. Дайте русские эквиваленты предложений, принимая во внимание особенности перевода форм инфинитива.

1) He described the device to be used in all modern systems.

2) The apparatus to be assembled is very complicated.

3) To translate the text without a dictionary is difficult.

4) To make the experiment you must improve the device.

5) The engineer wanted to be sent to the conference.

6) Lodygin was the first to invent the electric lamp.

7) In order to solve these problems, scientists must make many experiments.

8) To carry out this research work requires special knowledge.

9) We shall consider a very simple example in order to explain this phenomenon.

10) Computer science is to be regarded as a new discipline.

11) It is quite necessary for him to make a great number of calculations to solve the problem.

12) Michael Faraday had little chance to get an education.

13) An attempt to form a theory of such systems was made by Professor W.

14) Radio and television continue to develop and to find wider application in science and industry.

15) The fastest way to detect an artificial satellite is by radio.

16) We are to study the main laws of physics.

17) A computer has to be used to make these calculations.

18) The measurements to be made should be accurate enough.

Text 1

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Where does the word “robot” come from?

2. What features do robots have that other machines don’t have?

3. What are they used for?

2. Какие из следующих слов и фраз Вы предполагаете найти в тексте?

special sensors, send live video, respond to commands, do housework, do mine clearance, cheap, expensive, lightweight, heavy, built-in cameras, useful, human-shaped.

The advance of the spider robot

Scientists in Germany have developed a prototype robot that they hope will have a wide range of uses from helping emergency relief teams during natural disasters to clearing mines from war zones. They call it the spider robot. Four of its legs remain constantly on the ground while the other four move forward, giving the robot great stability. It is made from plastic, contains very little in the way of electronics and is powered by compressed air. So it is lightweight, and its developers say the form of propulsion means it can be operated almost anywhere.

JannisBreuninger, Product Developer at Fraunhofer IPA in Stuttgart, said: “Air exists everywhere so we can operate the spider anywhere with a simple air pump.”

Each spider robot costs about 500 euros to produce, which makes it far cheaper to make than most other robot designs.

And that means hundreds could be turned out quickly in the event of an emergency, like an earthquake, to help search for survivors.

The spiders can be equipped with cameras to send live video back to a control room.

Breuninger added: “The walking robot is suitable for use in disaster zones because it has a very stable motion that means that we can operate on very rough terrain. We could also use the robot in mine fields. Because they are cheap to make we can produce large numbers that can walk over mines to trigger detonation so the robots would effectively be doing mine clearance.”

Originally a student project this research is at its very early stages but according to the scientists they are encouraged by the results. The next step is to improve the spider’s steering and control.

3. Скажите, являются ли следующие утверждения верными?

1. It has 6 legs.

2. It has a great sense of balance.

3. As a spider robot is extremely expensive, few people can afford one.

4. It performs entertaining functions.

5. It is made from metal.

6. It can walk only on even surfaces.

7. It is equipped with built-in cameras.

8. It needs some improvements.

4. Обобщите информацию о преимуществах робота-паука.

Text 2

1. Прочитайте текст, и скажите, где используются металлы

BETTER METALS ARE VITAL TO

TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS

1. Since the earliest days the preparation of metals for mechanical use was vital to the advance of civilization. Gold, silver and copper were the first to be used by a primitive man, as they were found free in nature. Today we know more than sixty five metals available in large enough quantities to be used in industry.

2. Metals are mostly solids at ordinary temperatures and possess comparatively high melting points with the exception of mercury. They are for the most part good conductors of heat and electricity, and silver is the best in this respect. They can be drawn into fine wires and hammered into thin sheets.

3. As to their chemical properties the first point to be mentioned is that they vary widely in degree of chemical activity: some are enormously active and others are inert. The Earth contains a large number of metals useful to man. Of all metals to be utilized in industry iron remains by far the most important. Modern industry needs considerable quantities of this metal either in the form of iron or steel.

4. To get the desirable characteristics in metal or to improve them the art to mix metals and other substances began to develop. The first alloys that were formed in this way were sometimes stronger, tougher, harder and more elastic than the metals of which they were composed. To estimate nowadays how many alloys there exist in the modern world is difficult because their numbers increase daily.

5. To serve special uses modern metals and alloys must be lighter yet stronger, more corrosion resistant, more suitable for automatic fabrication yet less expensive than those available before.

6. Scientists are developing new processes and improving old ones in order to produce metals and alloys that will meet the present – day requirements. One of the most interesting purposes is, for instance, to make metals stronger, in other words, to strengthen them by reinforcing them with fibres. Today transportation, communication, farming, construction and manufacturing all depend on the vailability of suitable metals and alloys.

2. Ответьте на вопросы

a) Have metals low or high melting points ?

b) Which metal is the best conductor ?

c) Does the Earth contain a large number of metals ?

d) How are alloys formed ?

e) What properties do metals possess ?

f) Fibres are used to make metals stronger, aren't they ?

g) What depends on the availability of suitable metals and alloys ?