B. Сложноподчиненные предложения

Сложноподчиненное предложение состоит из неравноправных предложений: главного и одного или нескольких придаточных предложений. Между главным и придаточным(и) предложениями устанавливаются отношения подчинения, смысловой зависимости придаточного предложения от одного из членов главного. Смысловая зависимость структурно оформляется посредством подчинительных союзов и союзных слов, а также бессоюзных.

Структура сложного предложения

Главное предложение	+ (союз) +	Придаточное предложение
Главное предложение	+ союз + (союз. слово)	Придаточное предложение	+ союз + (союз. слово)	Придаточное предложение
Союз +	Придаточное предложение	+	Главное предложение	+	Придаточное предложение
Субъект главного предложения	+ союзное слово +	Придаточное предложение	+	Сказуемое + др. члены главного предложения

Запомните следующие подчинительные союзы
that – что, который	where – где
what – что, какой	whereas – в то время, когда
who – кто, который	though (although) – хотя
which – который	because – потому что
while – в то время, когда	as, since, for – так как
when – когда	before – перед тем, как
whether – «ли»	after – после того, как
if – если

1. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующим союзам.

That, what, who, which, while, when, whether, if, where, whereas, though, although, because, as, since, before, after, where, if, whether, when, while, which, who, what, that, since, as, for, after, before, although, though, whereas, if, that, which, where, when, whether, since, while, as, for, what, because, though, after, if, whereas, although, before, that.

2. Выделите подчинительные союзы и дайте русские эквиваленты.

Where, off, thirty, whereas, those, toward, second, though, no, he, five, if, who, because, ten, as, it, whether, them, few, up, for, when, while, with, such, within, since, has, you, and, up, or, by, fifth, that, before, toward, within, who, after, for during, because of, first, that, they, what, above, although, has, you, and, up, or, by, fifth, that, before, toward, within, who, after, for.

3. Назовите количество придаточных предложений по их признакам в каждом из следующих сложноподчиненных предложений. Предложения промоделируйте.

1. The 1 2 the 3 when the 4 is 5ed by 6 if there is 7 in the 8 because the 9 is the 10 where 11 is 12ed.

2. Some 1 2 a 3 that the 4 is 5ed by 6 though there is its 7 in 8 when any 9 is such 10 while no 11 12 an 13 by any 14s.

3. They 1 that it is 2ed by it if there is their 3 in that 4 when its 5 is their 6 while its 7 8 it where they9 a 10.

4. Another 1 2 other 3s that the eleventh 4 is 5ed by 6 because there are many 7s in 8s although some 9s were the 10 of 11.

5. While their 1 2 3 when it is 4ed with the 5 of 6 they 7 an 8 by 9 while that 10 was the 11 that there are 12s.

6. Though in some 1 2s of few 3 4 5 6s such 7 8 9s have 10ed the 11 he 12s no 13 from 15 when ten 16s are the 17s.

7. We 1 2 3 4 that the 5 6 7s are 8ed by that 9 in this 10 11 12 that their 13 14 is 15ed by any 16 17s on the 18.

4. В каждом предложении выделите союзы и определите тип сложного предложения. Переведите предложения.

1. Some parts of Britain are isolated from the rest of the country and teleworking was introduced in order to overcome the problem of rural isolation.

2. The jobs that depend on personal “face-to-face” contact or need “hands on” operation cannot be done by a teleworker.

3. The flexibility that teleworking will give you with working hours is a great advantage for parents with young children.

4. The AP (access point) also provides a bridge which plugs into the hub of a fixed LAN allowing both fixed and wireless users to talk to each other.

5. If your LAN is connected to the Internet the WLAN (Wireless LAN) can also use it (access point).

6. The Web Consortium is working on universal guidelines for Web architecture that will make surfing the Web easier.

Функции after, before, as, for, since

	Союз	Предлог	Наречие
after	после того, как: (присоединяет придаточное предложение): I found the letter after he had left. – Я нашел письмо после того, как он ушел.	a) после (какого-то времени): He continued his work after dinner. b) за, вслед за: They left the room one after the other. – Они покинули комнату, один за другим.	потом: We can do that after. – Мы можем сделать это потом.
before	до того, как; прежде чем: John wants to talk to you before you go. – Джон хочет поговорить с тобой, прежде чем ты уйдешь.	до, перед: Denise got there before me. – Дениз пришла туда до меня.	раньше, прежде: They had met before. – Они встретились раньше.
as	a) так как (= because): As (since) you are here, you may as well give me a hand. – Так как ты здесь, ты можешь тоже помочь мне. b) когда, в то время, как (=just as): He came in as I was speaking. – Он вошел в то время, когда я говорил. He sang as he walked. – Он пел, когда гулял.		как, в качестве (кого-либо); как, например: to work as a teacher – работать в качестве учителя; some animals as foxes and wolves – некоторые животные, как, например, лисы и волки.
since	a) так как (=because): Since a general solution is quite difficult, various simplifying assumptions are used to represent the system. – Так как общее решение довольно трудное, используются различные упрощающие предложения, чтобы представить эту систему. b) с тех пор, как: He has worked for us since he left school. – Он работает на нас с тех пор как покинул школу.	с: I have not seen her since 2010. – Я не видел ее с 2010 года.	с тех пор: He left school in 1993. I have not seen him since. – Он покинул школу в 1993 году. Я не видел его с тех пор.
for	так как: The days were short, for it was December. – Дни были короткие, так как был декабрь.	для, в течение, из-за, за: This is good for you. – Это хорошо для тебя. He was working at the design for 2 days. – Он работал над проектом в течение двух дней.

5. Определите функции выделенных слов. Предложения промоделируйте.

1. After the 1 the 2 3 the 4 in the 5 for a 5.

2. After the 1 2 the 3 the 4 5 the 6 in the 7 for a 8.

3. Before the 1 the 2 3 the 4 as the 5 after the 6.

4. Before the 1 2 the 3 at the 4 the 5 6 the 7 after the 8s.

5. As the 1 the 2 3 the 4 as the 5 6 the 7 for the 8.

6. For the 1 2 the 3 the 4 5 the 6 for the 7 as the 8.

7. Since the 1 2 the 3 as the 4 for the 5 the 6 7 the 8.

Запомните следующие предложенные выражения:

after all	в конце концов
day after day (и т. п.)	день за днем
the day after tomorrow	послезавтра
to name after smb	назвать в честь кого-либо
as well (употребляется в конце предложения)	тоже, также
as soon as	как только
as to (smth)	относительно, что касается
as for (smb)	что касается
as … as	так(же) … как
as if	как будто
because of	из-за
instead of	вместо
in case of	в случае, если
in spite of	несмотря на
owing to	благодаря
thanks to
in addition to	кроме, в дополнение к
with respect to	по отношению к
in accordance with	в соответствии с

6. Определите функции выделенных слов. Предложения переведите.

1. Optical fiber provides cheaper bandwidth for long distance communication.

2. When I saw her in the river I was frightened, for at that point the currents were dangerous.

3. Some problems are generic to all nuclear plants as they age.

4. Fiber-optic cable carries data as laser-generated pulses of light.

5. However, since under-development is the term that has been used so far, I shall continues to use it provisionally.

6. The lowest unemployment rate since 2000 is shown in the provisional statistics for May.

7. They arrived before I expected them.

8. I usually take shower before having breakfast.

9. Regan changed his name after he left Poland.

10. A year after the fire the house was rebuilt.

11. As bridges are protocol-independent while routers are protocol-dependent, bridges are foster because they do not have to deal with protocol reading.

7. Прочитайте текст и найдите ответ на вопрос: What is the difference between the Internet and the WWW?

The Internet and the WWW

1. What is difference between the Internet and the World Wide Web? Many people use “Interne” and “World Wide Web” interchangeably. They shouldn’t, and here’s why.

2. The Interne, of course, is the maze of phone and cable Lines, satellites, and network cables that interconnect computers around the world. The World Wide Web (also called WWW or simply the Web) is the name given to anything on the Interne that can be accessed using a Uniform Resource Locator, or URL. This addressing system in the 1990s. .The vast majority of the content you access with a URL are files written in a code called Hypertext Markup Language, or HTML. We know HTML files as Web pages.

3. Hypertext is a scheme of cross-referencing. Certain words, phrases, and images make up so-called links. When you select a link in a Web page or Web site (a document containing text and graphics and sometimes also other types of files), your computer is transferred to another document dealing with the same or a related subject. This site will probably also contain numerous links. Before long, you might find yourself “surfing” the Web for hours going from site to site.

4. As you may have experienced, the Web works fastest when the fewest number of people are connected to the Internet. When Net traffic is heavy, Web documents can take a long time to appear. This problem is worst with comparatively slow telephone-line modems, but it can occur even with the most expensive, high-speed Internet connections. When you experience it, you’ll know why some people refer to the Web as the “World Wide Web”.

8. Просмотрите абзац 3 еще раз. Выделите предложения со словом that и определите его функции.

9. Прочитайте абзац 4 еще раз и выделите сложносочиненные предложения. Назовите его признаки.

10. Как часто Вы используете Internet? Как работает Ваш Internet?