
БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЖИЗНЕДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ лекции
.pdf
, . .- . .,
. .
! " ! # $
% " & # ' $ " ! # %
() * +
, (
2001
1
.' ' "%
1./. "% 0%& / #1 ! 2 "%3 !" 4 % " &-
# '$" !#%……. ………………………………………………………………………1
II. !" "1 ' "%& 7/ "1 #/8..………………………………..4
III.!" 1 ' #/ !" !#%…………………………………………10
3.1+( <* = ( > > ? = *……………. …………10
3.2* ? ) @ A <* = ( ) () *B? <* = ( C ( +………………………………………………………………………………….16
3.3! ) * ( E ? *E……………………………………..26
3.4F ) ( <* (……………………………29
VI. I%#"1 !/ !#, /%, "& ,1 /%
!'8 % "%% ' #/ 8!# "………………………………….44
4.1./ * AC ( A? ………………………………………48
4.2, ? ) ( ( ) < ()* * C * > C ( + 53
4.3, ? ) ( ( ) (* @ *A C ) F +….…..62 V. 2/ 12 4"1 !%#8 0%%. / #% /" & I%#….………64
5.1* (( A = ? = + C ( +………………………………………64
5.2, ? ) ( ( ) (* @ )) ( (, EF C )
*…………………………………………………………………………….68
5.3@ () ( > L A………………………………………………….71
5.4' A ) (* ( + 2! * ? F………...…………. …………..76 VI. ! "%# /"-.%.% "%2 ! % N # /1 / % !# "" 4
!/ 1………………………………………………………………………………...81
6.1, * ? C = + ?…………………………………………...82
6.1.1., ( ( () = A * = ( C (* + …………..86
6.2.( F ) ? ( C ) F +…………………………………….89
6.2.1." ( ( > ( (( > ( F A………………..94
6.3.O A………………………………………………………………….96
6.3.1. , ( ( B ( L +…………….…………… 99
'%# / #8/………………………………………………………………………..105
I. /. "% 0%& / #1 ! 2 "%3 !" 4 % " '$" !#%
– ( )*, + ( ? ) ( > ? +( A = * ( ( + A, () ? ( A, A, > ( A, ) A ) ) ( ? F > C = ? = + C ( +. #. . ( +
2

*BE A *A (A ? F = * > C ? +( + ( ( >
) > > ) (C @ A ( @ C (* + @ ? A *B- (.
E ( () = A ? ) ( ( @ ? A *B ( ( ( *AE (-
( EF ? ) ( * A, ) A ) ( *B > / (( +( + N ( 1992 >. /!N!/) C AF C () *, @
) ? : ? ) ?, ) ( * A, ) ) *B(-
/ (( +( + N (/N) C AF C > ( ( C ? +, ( > * ( () *B ) * = >. ! C ) @ ( > , ( ( ) C ( ( /N, . ( ( +
/N ) C @ EF + (. , ( ( ( *B > ? A /N, , ( ( ? C A /N, , ( ( /N ) * > @ ( + -
, = ? = + ( A * ) (* ( + ( C + C ( +
C *B >.
E ( C @ EF + ( ( () = C- C (* + ( ( *A ? /!N!/ « (-<) * > = ( * > ) * = ( * A» (1991 >.), ( ( ( ( ? *B(, *E= EF ? + ? , ( *- EF ? ) ( ( ? ( *A = * ( >
A A () = E * > ) A C (* + > @ ? A *B- (. /A + ) C @ EF + ( ? ( ? /!N!/ « ) ) A AC ) ) *B( + A *B (» (1991 >.) ? /N « ? F ) ) * +» (1992 >.).
C + ( )* ? = E (A ) (:
-< * > = ( + ? ) ( ( ;
-C ;
-= ? = + C ( +;
-> @ ( + .
) ( < * > = ( + ? ) ( ( (( * (B ? * – < * > A. C – < ( ( ? *B C , ( *B-< = ( C, > ? C, C = ( C, > > = ( C * =-) * = ( C - ) A + ( (, () = EF C ? ) ( ( B, ( C ? BA -
() ( ( = * ) (( .
%(C A ? L ( ? > ( ( = ( + ( )*: )-
E, (-> > = ( E C = ( E.
E ( C ( ( *AE ( ( EF ? ) (- * A, ) A ) ( *B > /N, @ ) ? ,
? ) ( * A. ( AF A /N ? ) ( ( B @ ? A *B () ? ( > * (A ( + /N, ( ? (#), ( ? *B( /N , ! ( + ( ? ) ( (
(!! #) () *B ) *. !! # – < )* ( ? ( A?- C (, C C ) ? (A ( ( ? A - C = ( + ) ? ) ( ( , ? A A? > = (*- C ) * ) C ? ) ( (, F > ( ( >, -
3
(* > ? = A. / ) E !! # F ? = C
( ( ) ? (.
!-> > = ( A = ( B *E= > ?, > > = ( * =--) * = ( ) A A ( (, ( ( *AEF ( @ ) A + > > ) ? ( + (.
# C = ( A = ( B – > ? C = ( ) A A ( (, C- AF ) A C ? ) ( ( ) ) @ + ? F.
( > ? ? *B C , ) A + ( ( ) *
( ? (* + ( *E= EF C * A C * ) ( C
EF >.
) ( + ) ? ( + – ? +( > EF >, ) )- * C (* AC, * > ? ) ? C L E ? BA (*, * =, )* + . .)
+ ) ? ( + – ? +( > EF >
) ? ( ? * E * ( @ E () ( (. ? (- ( A ) *@ *B ( ? +( A + ) ? ( +
@ ( B ) (.
8(* A – ( ) ( B ) ? ( + (, ? EF C
* A ? B () ( ( B = *.
# ? *B( – *E= ) A A ) > ) A. )-
) ( (A (A: A? ( ( ) ) A + () =
? C ? ) ( C (* + . ( ) ) A A ( E (A
( (.
8) * C + – * ) * ? +( > ) * A
B ) * A.
.> – , ? = EF A * A > ? EF C ) ? (-
+ ( > ) ((, ( ? = A C * > ) ? (
C ) ((.
? ( A ( A ( @ A < * > A) – ( ( > ? C
) A + C = ( C ( (, ) F EF C * BL EF C ? +- ( EF C C ) ? ( C .
# C ? ) ( ( – ( ( > ? C ) A + C = ( C ( (, ) F EF C ? +( EF C ) ( C ) ? ( C
. ) ( () = ? ) ( ( ) ? ( > -
A ) ? ( C ) ((.
) * , () ( AEF (A ( (* >
C ?A+(, A *AE (A A > ( ( C ( !! #, « * (- +( <* (» ( 8), « * C = ( + < ()* <* (-
) * +» ( #), « * C ? ) ( ( ) < ()* <* ( ) * +» ( #), «! *B ) *» (!" ), «! ) A ) L* C ) ) A +» (!" 245—71), « * ( +( ? ) ( + < ()* *», « * ( +( ? ) ( + < ()* ( (, EF C ) *» .
4
) *AE A ) C , ( EF (A ( C ) ) A +, =- @ + > ? +, ? )*AE > ? ) ( ( > > , B
C *@ B ( C (*AC > C ?A+(. , @ (* ) * C ? ) ( ( ) ? ( + ( >- * E (* A *A ) * C , ) A
* ) ? (, > ( F ( *A B(A * () *B? B(A ?* = C
(*AC > C ?A+(.
(* ) * ) C ? ) ( ( ) ? ( + (-
C ? E (A ) L A + ) C ) (- E ( F @ (* . C ) * >* E (A -
) < ()* A ) *B ( ( A
+ (* ( = A + C ) + C * > ) ?-
(. (* ) * ) C @ E (A ( (-
, (, > > ( ( > ? . F ? ( C ( ) C ? ) ( ( ) ? ( + ( ?- E (A @ E (A ( + ) ) A A ) ( >* ( E ( ) ( E?-
? )*AE @ +L > ? ) ( ( > >
( *B C C C, ) *B C * > A, * ) A. ! ( ) ) @ + ? F – ( ) ( B > ? C ) A +
C = ( C ( (, ) * C ) F ? +( A *E + ) (- C ) @ > = *B > F >.
" = + ( + ( (* @: = ( < () *B ((*-
A A * + F C ?, ? * A ) ? ( , ) *B (* AC 2!, ) > ) (C @ A
) > > ( @ A C (* + @ ? A *B (. % =: ? ) ( ( B @ ? A *B ( – ? ) ( ? +(-
= * ( C ( +.
II . !" "1 ' "%& 7/ "1 #/8
( ? >* E L A = C (* @- F C ( ( +, C ? E (A ) * @ A, ?* @ ( C ? *B( . * *B * ? ) * @ +
( @ (A C ) * C, () ( AEF C(A ( (* > C- ?A+(.
& "" !#% ' " !#"17 '%0 ! '3 "%3 / %' % " /, 7/ " #/8
*B( ) C (* * ? ) A? ( -
( EF C.. @ A ? ( A? ( *E B ( )- * ) C ) B < > > + (.
(* ( A? +( * @ > ? ) #, # ) ?-
( + ( ) ) A AC > ? AC , ( ( ( A?. !- >* ( < ) * @ E > ? A ) #, # ) ? ( + (-
5
?* > (A = *B, >* > @ ? ( * + = *B ) ) A + (> ? +), C, = (, >* > @ ? ( * + - = *B #8! (* C ) * + , ( ( ( A?. (. (-
( B ? ( *E +( EF > ? *B( ) #, ) * )- *, , ( + L + L ( AF C > ? + ) # ) ? (-
+ ( ) ) A (> ?). * @ >* A- ? ( ) * C ) C .
= ( E ) ) A, *B ? ( *E ? *B C
) * ) # ) ? ( + (, ? @- C = ( C , ? = (A ( L + @ * > ? (A * ) #. C C, = ( C, (* @ C * C ) ) A + ( A? ( ? (- ( A ) # A *AE (A = *B C ) ? * +.
(* ( A? ( ( ( A . !# .12.0.004 — 79 «> ?- A = A EF C ? ) ( ( . F A» ? * @ ) A = A ( A? ? ) ( , -
*@ ) B(A ( C ) ) A AC > ? AC ? ( ( )-
) ( ( C ) ? (, * ( @ )
+ ) (( * *@ (. , @ ( ( * *, ) C AF ) ? ( E ), @ ) C A = ( (-
( ) * @.
= ) (A = A ) ( +
) = + ( @, = ? ) ( = (, ?- = ) ? + ) * #, ( @, ) +, )* + - F + ( @.
% 1 %"!#/8 #
1. - ) @ ) # ( ( B ) A
? ( *E= A, @ ( = ) * = ( @-
* ( > )) + 20 = *.
- ) (A = ( *
((, >) *B ( BA( ) ? ) = ( C ?- ) ( C ) ) ) * ) ? ( C ) +
(A ( @ B ) A, ) ( > C EF
) * 6 (A. / ? *B > ( E (A @ *. * -
*B * ( > )) + ? = ) * # *@ ) + )-
? + . ? *B ) ) ( (A 1 - 5 *-
A > )) ) <* ? ) ( ( ( = + ( A ( 1 > ))).? ( ( ? + *@ ( C , < ? ) # ( E- (A 1 ? > * 1 ? 3 >.
–) (A @-C = (
(= *B (* @, C, = (, >, ( ) ( ( EF-
? ( *, ? A ( @ @ = = ? 6 (A. / ? *B > ( E (A @ *.
6
– ) (A ) ( A , C * > =- ( > *, ) (* + ) ? = *B C ) C .
– ) (A * ) )
*A (A A - ) ( ) C ( ) L + ) ( ( BE.
(* = = > A C (* A ? AE (A ( *B ?, F + ( @ ) (A ( *B @ ?.
'' #% "14 . / % ! .' O "%
! >* ( ? . () ) A AC @ ) ) A F (
> ** A ** + > ) * = ) (- E? + ) ) ( B > ( ( + > **.
(* < > (A ( ( B ? ) * < > > ?* > (A -
( E ) ) A A. ** > ? E (A ? )
A? ( (, @ = C (* @ F C, >, ( - ) * A * ( ? ) *. ) ( *E= E (A *B- + ? * > * ? *E= (A *B ( >* L ) . ? ( >* L A ) E = ( ( =* (( ) #. ( ) ( (- >* L ) ? *AE (A ? *:
-) A A ) ) ) @ E (= ( C (* =;
-) A A ) ) ) @ E ). ? * +;
-F * =L (* + .
! ( *A # (C B > * *B?A. =
(C C ) < ) ? (* L (A @ >.
" '% /%2%" / % !# "" . #/ , #% ,
= ) ? ( > ? ) (( *B C ? * + ) A * B C = (, > ?, (- > >- = (.
(A (A – ( L ( () ( B (-
, ( L ( C * > = ( > ) ((, ( L ( ? F C ) () ( * +, ( ? @ ? ( * ?* = C ) =.
! *BE ( A < C ) = ) C C <* ( C
C: A? *B A ) *E= A A; L )- ) *B C )* " / # #$ !$ ", A? *B ? ? * = (
> A.
(A (A: ) ( * ) L L C
=; ( @ * EF C ( = + *, ( (
? A ) A ; ) *B A > ? A @ , - ( ( ( + . .
- (A (A – ( ( ) ? (-
C ) F + ( .
/ !!' "% % 82 # " !2 !#"17 !'82
7
" !2 !#"1, !'82 , " / % !# ? E (* = + ? +( A -
EF > ) ( > ) ? ( > ) ) * C A- ? *B(.
@ + (= ( + (* = + ( ? L + ) E () ( ( ( -
> = > A ) = 24 = ((* (A = *B C, @-
) # ( L () ) #. ? *B ((* A ( ( *A (A
. " – 1 = C < ? )*A C. / *B ) ) A A (>* + @ ) A? = ( (( B B >, ) A B ) ( E ) = ? L C (= ( + (* = +. ((* A ) *A (A = *B C, > ) ? L * (= ( + (* = + , @ ) # ) ( E? ) ) A A C = ( () B EF ) ) A.
((* A ) *A (A A *A (A ( *A = (= ( C (* = C (A - 45 *. E ) ( L > (A ?- A ) A .
@ > ) ) A ) ((* ( ( *A (A = ) (-
L C "!. / ((* > )) C, A@ * C ( *B C (= ( C (*- = ) ? (A ( ) A () *B + (( +.
" ( . " – 1 ( A ( ( *A = ) ( L C, ( @ ? *:
- ! A = (* + A ( A? ( + () ( ( BE; - ! A ) ( L C ) ? (;
- ! A ? C ) A A ) C .
@ +L ? = ((* A A ( > ( + = (= (-
C (* = A *AE (A : () = ? * > *B C ( C ) - ? E ) + ) F ) ( L; F *B ( ( A *, ?-
>* + * ? ( A *B(, (* + ) =, (* (, C
) ? L * (= ( + (* = +, ? ) @ ? B ) A + ) ? * E (* + . .
, # 1 %!!' "%& /%2%" / % !# "" . #/ , #% ,
%/ N !!% " '$"17 ' "%4
((* A *AE ( > ?, C = ( (- > > = ( ) = EF ) A , ( ( ) ( EF ( A? ( - (= ( (* = ("!), ? L C ( ) (L ( A ?-? (-
A *B ( > C > ? + *@ ( C *, EF C L-
) ) A E , > ) ? L* .
! ( = ( + . ( *A ( + * ? ) (L L C (= ( C (*- = , )* ( ( = ( > * ( ) (* EF -
A . ! < + *BE ) *AE ( ) ? * ) ?- ( > ? < = (-= < A@ ( - . -
8
? *B = ( ? – ( = (* (= ( C (* = , ) C AF C(A 1000 EF C : = = ( / )*1000 , > – F = (* ) A C = (=- ( C (* = ? = + ) ; – ( () ( = = (* EF C
) ) A . – C ? ( = (* + () ( ( , 1000
EF C; = (!/ ) *1000 , > !- = (* = C + ) A C ( A? (
() ( ( BE. – = (= ( (* =, ? = L (A - * ( BE ( *B (C.
.)) + . A *A (A = ( (* = ( ( = ( > , >
C ) A ) (* ) *B + > )) (= ( C (* =-
) , ) E , ) * > = + (. ! F ( B < > ( ( A * (* = ? , C ) C ) = . " C @ F + ) = ( ( ? E (* A *A * ) C (= ( C (* = .
# ) > = ( + . *E= (A ? = ) = (= ( C (* = ) ( C ) (L ( A. ( ) < > A *A (A ( ( * -
) ) A A * )* () * @ A ( > F ( ) ( (* A . ? *B >*A ( ) ? ( ) F > C ( .
, > = ( + . ! B > ( ( >* * ? = >
B ( ) ( ( ( + ) ? ( + ( +. < (- * E ) = "!, A * ) ((* , ) *B. B ? = A ) < A *AE (A – C * > = ( + ) ((, L, (. . #. . ) > = ( ((* E ) ? ( E ( , (* A , ) A E C * > E * *B = ( , ( ( - EF C, @ C, ) ? *B ( B , < ( B ? ) (- (.
* = ( ( = ( > > = ( + * = A (=- ( C (* = ((* B.
() + . *E= (A , = > )) () * ( –< () -
? = ( B + * + ) = F + ( ) ( ) = "!. < A *AE * @ ) = "! , C B
( , ) A A ) C ( E *BL + <) ) @ ?. L * ) ) (* >.
# #!# "" !#$ " /8O "% " # '$!#
! >* ( ? . () ) A AC * L ? *B(-
) * ) C (#), ) * ( A *B( ) **-
> ( >* L A ) #. ( ( ( B ) A, (- * ? *B(. / (( E (A 4 ( (: ( )*-
A, ( A, *B A > * A.
%!0% '%" /" & – ) ( ? ? ) *
( )* , ( F ( EF ) * > () A *A = C
9
(* @ F C, A? E ( C ( *E B A ) # #, ) ) @ + ? ) ( ( . .
%!0% '%" /"1 1! "%& > B ? = A, >, ( > > >, ) @ )* = E , ( C (A-
, *B A.
,%"%!#/ #% " & # #!# "" !#$ – ? *E= (A * @ - @ C L * (-) * = ( > ) ( * ? L-
) * ) #. O * > (A ) ( * > ( ( C - () +.
, # /% '$" & # #!# "" !#$ – ) ( ? F -
@ C (, )* = C (( * ( * ) ( L. / ?-
? F A F @ ) L B C (A= C * *@ ( > *.
8. ' " & # #!# "" !#$ – ( ) *A * (- C = ( > ) ( *, ) *@ ( ) * @ E * ) ) ? -
*A ( F ( *AE C = ( + ? ? + = E ? #.
( ( ) A (A (* =, (* L ) * * ? ( + * >* ) * =B A@ * ) (* ( A.
/ !1 '& ! , / / %
1.) ( ? = ( )* – ? ) ( ( B @ ? A *B (?
2.2 ( ( *A ) E = ( B ? ) ( ( @ ? A *B (?
3.( @.
4.** + > ( >* L.
5.* ? ) = ) ? ( > ?.
6./ ((* = (= ( C (* =.
7., ((* A ) = ) ? ( > ?.
8.( ( B *@ ( C * ? L ? *B(.
III.!" 1 ' #/ !" !#%
3.14!# % ' #/%2 ! . # " /. "% , 2 '
* = ( + , ) C A = ? * = *, ? ? @ @ C
+ ) < ) A *A (A:
# = ( +( - @ @ > C = ( *, > (- C ) ( (, , (, ) = * > C > C >, = ?-
*B (( +(.
– @ (A ?* @ > = ( + @- ( ( = (* ), = ) A *A (A ? ?- C = ( C ( +(.
10