Vocabulary List

discharge (v) выделять (ся) quarter (n) зона, участок

pressure(n) давление frothy(а) пенистый

odor(n) запах incise(v) разрезать

doughy(а) тестообразныйpuncture(n)-прокол

blackleg(n) – эмфизематозный (гангренозный) карбункул

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text "Malignant Edema" Part B. using a dictionary.

Exercise 5. Retell the text "Malignant Edema" Part B. in English, answering the following questions:

1. Когда наблюдаются первые симптомы злокачественного отека?

2. Каковы симптомы этого заболевания?

3. Почему трудно диагностировать злокачественный отек?

4. Какова роль лабораторных исследований в диагностике злокачественного отека?

5. Как различаются симптомы злокачественного отека и шумящего карбункула?

Lesson 8

A . Nephrosis

Nephrosis includes degenerative and inflammatory lesions of the renal tubules. Uraemia is developed acutely or as the ter­minal stage after a chronic illness manifested by polyuria, dehydration and loss of weight.

Most cases of nephrosis are caused by exogenous or endogenous toxins. Mercury poisoning is the classical cause but nephrosis also follows poisoning with arsenic, oxalate and in overdosing with sulphonamides, especially when water intake is restricted.

In acute nephrosis there is obstruction of glomerular filtrate through the tubules and an obstructive oliguria and uraemia develop. In chronic cases there may be impairment of tubular resorption of solutes and fluids with an attendant polyuria.

The presence of protein in a urine of high specific gravity is accompanied by high levels of urea nitrogen in the blood in acute nephrosis.

Vocabulary List

nephrosis – нефроз inflammatory- воспалительный

renal tubules- почечные каналы uraemia-уремия

terminal stage – последняя стадия mercury (n) –ртуть

arsenic (n)-мышьяк oxalate (n)-оксалат

obstruction (n) –непроходимость, закупорка oliguria (n)-олигурия

glomerular (a ) - относящийся к почечному клубочку

impair (v)- ухудшаться, портиться impairment (n)- нарушение

solute (n) - растворенное вещество specific gravity-удельный вес

Exercise 1. Read the text "Nephrosis" and answer the follow­ing questions (in Russian):

1. What does nephrosis include?

2. What are the causes of nephrosis?

3. What are the acute and chronic forms characterized with?

4. What does urine analysis show in acute cases?

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions in Russian and in English:

1. What lesions occur in nephrosis?

2. How does uraemia develop?

3. What are most cases caused by?

4. What impairments develop in acute nephrosis?

5. What impairment may occur in chronic cases?

6. What is present in the urine and blood of acute cases? Exercise 3. Translate the text into Russian.

B. Nephritis

Embolic suppurative nephritis may occur after any septicaemia or bacteriemia when bacteria lodge in renal tissue but is most commonly associated with valvular endocarditis.

Localization of single bacterial cells or bacteria in small clumps in renal tissue causes the development of embolic sup­purative lesions.

Emboli which block vessels larger than capillaries cause in­farction in which portions of kidney, the size varying with the caliber of the vessel which is occluded, are rendered acutely ischemic. These infarcts are not usually so large that the residual renal tissue cannot compensate fully and they usually cause no clinical signs. If the urine is checked repeatedly for the presence of protein and erythrocytes, the sudden appearance of proteinuria, casts and microscopic hematuria without other signs of renal disease suggests the occurrence of a renal infarct. The gradual enlargement of focal embolic lesions leads to the development of toxemia and gradual loss of renal function. Clinical signs usually develop only when the emboli are multiple and destroy much of the renal parenchyma.

Enlargement of the kidney may be palpable on rectal examina­tion. If the causative bacteria can be isolated and their sen­sitivity to standard antibiotics and sulphonamides determined, control of early cases of embolic nephritis can usually be effective.

Bacteriological examination of the urine is advisable at intervals after treatment is completed to ensure that the in­fection has been completely controlled.