Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

Лабороторный практикум по физике

.pdf
Скачиваний:
25
Добавлен:
02.05.2015
Размер:
2.59 Mб
Скачать

"#@#, $!/), "#6*( "#7@%, !&(G( & '!C=6 %A!, E@ !%E *!&&!&/ (&"#@#, #&/).

#7@/, !%4B *!( "##&&&A #7*!&( 7!%E&6 #7!E- &/D, *!& !&, &7/G( "#!C&/@ (! *"#&&/@). "#!C- &/ "#7@/ "!C7%G( *"#A#%GB %#6 "#A#$D, @- &D#@#D, "#$@#D *#.

!( 6!&" ##D DE" !#@ @*'D& C!*"#!7" (&@!!"# *!( E&/D7!# &*! !&. *&@ 7 '" !*"#- (& (!(( *@ (@ !(7" (&@!!"# " %A!% A&C=@& - (&&! ,!%E #/6 (!C7%" 6(B& '#.

A! !&&( @&(( 7@ %A! "*&( , "#E@ %- B% 6 %A! , "# #@ !&& !%E @&@!C&: min . F@ !%E !%E B &%# "#7@/ (.@ #. 3) &"#!& "#"&*%!(#& '-# %A! * , 1 , '1 ', "7!C "#!@!&( B "#7@/ #&:

 

 

 

 

 

sin

min *

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

n

 

 

 

 

 

 

(11)

 

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

sin

*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

S *%! 7 ,A E n

sin

, '

*

, ;

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

sin !

2

 

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

 

!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2( ) 2 * (F *& 7 BDC ), 2

* ,

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

E 6!C" 7@/"# (7%##D 6%A! 6#"*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

D

- %A! ( 4*%@ @7'! !C&/@#" ,(@&!

 

, A*

 

!EGB@( " *!& !&/ & , &E& D /#4( %A!/D *&- +D & &.&@#

A!%G *"#G "!%E@, *$#&+#%(,$ /#4& (11):

dn

1

cos

*

 

d

1

cos

d

 

2

2

 

 

2

d

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

 

d

 

*

 

 

d

 

 

 

 

sin

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

sin

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

%E@ A, E cos 1 n2 sin2 ' @!%E" #@%!%:$

D7'! @%@@ /D#(= )/#. #.4 ' @%@@ @&"#- (G &*. #.5 4*%@ @@%@@ (*D& @%@&@. D7'!@%@@ (G@&"# @7A! !C&7*# @ ,!%E ! C&&&4%@"# 4*%@ @& !( & !' 80% &&& @%@@.

0,8I0 I0

.4

.5

A!& ##G F!( &=& &&& @ @@ !%E, ! #*& *&A @@%@ "* @&@%@@ (#@) *#%- AA (. 5).

7#=GB6 "'&CG "#!C&A "#'# &7/( '7#7@#- &( !E&:

R

 

(5)

 

@6* GB%G=7## C'&" 6&&+$*# =#. !-&4 &/*# k -A @%@@ *!( &/*! !&/ (!(*"# @:!%

d sin max k( )

# "#D* @@%@ *&@% *'E&@% @&@%@% #7&C

D* @&(( & @(. &3' #@%!$ 14.3). ,!C&*! @%@&@ %*!-

N

#( %!G:

d sin min k

N

##G F!( %A!/ max min , . . k k( ) . !*!C&,

N

(GB=7## C'&"

R

 

kN

(6)

 

74

51

@ '#7@, #7#=GB( "'&C *$+&&6# #= "#- "#+&!C& E!% B!6 N "#(*% "# k .

"& %&

#' !*%G "#7#E&%G *$+&&%G# #.=%

< . A#E 7"#B( "#C( "!C+@ !G- '/@ "#*@@ #'E6 "#D& #.= # ""*& "/! ! "-#&&D "#*@ & #=% !*% '#C( !.'#&%

8

9

. 6 #@& -5

@ %A! "# &'!G*& 6&&+$*# &/# (*7"# @#@&A -5 CGE& * 0,5 6%A! %&*/ (#. 6).

&@# 7 #D &&/D %7:! !!@# 1, #"!4&&A & &"*4&@ &&; 7#!C&6 #%'/ 2, "#*AGB6( @ !- **6 7, ! 3, & #@ %&!G !*%@%G *$+&&%G# #.=% !!@# !%4 *!( "!%E&( "#!!!C&A "%E !%E6 E- & . !!@# &D*( #A%!#%@( B!C 5. "# &'!G*G "# "@B 7#!C&6 #%'/ 2. 4 %!(# 7#!C&6 #%'/ 6 &D*(%!(# 8 E&A %#6, "7!(GBA 7@#(C %A!/ &'!G*@/D !%- E6, /D*(BD 7 #.=

52

n2 1

Ne2

 

 

02 2

 

 

(9)

m 0

( 02

2 )2 4 2 2

 

 

 

 

#@%! (9) /" !C&%G,@& !C&%G#@& G#"* E(-

,*& E "# =0 (9) (B#"# (6)).

 

 

 

 

! *(BD %!!@ B &/#F! G@ E&/7!# '-

&&/ /E 02K , A* C@7 (9) @"# *:

 

 

 

 

n2 1

Ne2

5

 

 

02K 2

 

(10)

 

 

m 0

 

2 )2 4

 

 

 

 

 

 

k ( 02K

2 2

# *D#" n2 n "!%E@ 7@C n( ), E$A# &&%G!*"# & #. 2.

@*! #"* E&/D7#"# D*# (!(( &47!#"# "%E '!A "# "#D4*& A E#7 !(&&%G "#7@% ("#-/ F (!& '/! 7%E& . CG&@ 1672 A.)

.3 &4*D# 6!(&& 7@"#

@,#@ *D"# 7#E !(&&%G 7@%"# (#. 3). %E , 6GB*" & *&% 7 6&A# 7@/"# *" @%A! , C=@!"# E *" @%A! ' , 6*"# 7@"# 7# ; E C=@!"# E ,/6* 7 7@/"# *" @%A! 1 ( 1 -!%A (&*" & #%G &C)A#.

@@, E & /D* 7 !(&&6 "#7@/, !%E A* !&((#&% &&(: %A! &7/( %A!@ !&&(. A! @4*% "#!@- !(GB@ A#&(@ &7/( "#!@!(GB@ %A!@ "#.7@/ A! !&&( 7 "7!( "#!@!&(: "# %!E&6 n %!E( . -!C% *!( ! D##& @!C&( *"#(, #!&/ !%E (&-

73

z

eE

(5)

m( 02

2 )

 

 

* !(( (5) (2) %E / ( (1), " !%E @:

n2 1

Ne2

(6)

m 0 ( 02 2 )

 

 

G* *& , E " 7 !C "# ! @! & ( B 7 E / ! ' & 6 6 !&/, 7& E , *! &/ !&/ " * GB A .

%4 %" @ & ! C, "# 7# E&/ B & @ G " ! " A! B- & ( * @ 6 '! . < ' &&/D ! ' & 6 + !! #%GB A F!- # & 0 % %!C #$! 6 '! . # *" ! A (, E 0 , ,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

, A# & E = C F @ # 7-

 

@ 4& 7 @ C (6) # 7! 4 C " " &(@

0

 

 

 

 

! 4 & * %@( E! & @ :

 

2

 

Ne

2

 

<

 

 

2

9

n

1

 

 

:1

 

 

7

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

m

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

:

 

0

 

7

 

 

 

0

 

 

;

 

 

 

8

 

2

, @ 4& " !%E C 7 @ C n *!( '! & #-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

@ !C& 6 * " # , A#$ # 6 " 7 & & # .1:

 

 

 

 

 

2

 

B

Ne2

4 2c2

 

n

 

1 A 1

 

, A

 

, B

 

(7)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

m60 02

02

! *% B # 7 " *E # &% C, E $#@%!/ (6) (7) "# *! / !C *!( " & ( & #@ !C& 6 * " # , # ( & '!G* ( '! (D " # , & * #4 B D " ! / " A! B & (.

# "# '! 4 & E / !&/ " * GB A E ' L&&/D ! ' & 6 F! # & 7& ( ! & # 7 & & . # F @ 7# @"! %- * ! ' & 6 F! # & , % ! ( ! (& " A! B & ( .

F @ !%E #@ 7(B 6 ! 6 "# & '# A C & !C7(, %# & & * 4- & ( (3) "# @ *:

 

 

d 2 z

2

dz

2 z

e

E

 

cos t,

(8)

 

 

dt2

 

 

 

A* r

 

 

dt 0

m

0

 

 

2m - F$$+ & 7 %D & (.

 

 

 

 

 

! # = & %# & & ( (8) " * C %# & & (2) % # *& C " !%- E && /# 4 & " # @ & , @ 4& " !%E C ! *%GB%G 7 @ C n( ):

72

. 7. ) 7@ # !C&/6 ! @'; ') & & % E & A % # 6 @' & & % , 7 '# 4 &&/ & # . 7, ), '), *&/ " ! 7# & ( %!(#

8 E & A % # 6 .

!( A E '/ &( C " 7 & ( "# ' # , & * , & '!G* ( %!(# 8, - @ C # !C&/ = # D #D& 6 & 4& 6 = !/ 7@ # !C& A ! @' (# . 7, ). @ B & "# 7 *( , # B ( @ D 9, # " ! 4 &&/6 "# 7# !C& 6 #%'/. # F @ +$# , # " ! 4 && ( & #D& 6 = ! ! @' !# !C& A &* , * E ! A# *% 7@ #( @ A %A! . ! & 'D- * @ & 6 & & 4& 6 = ! ! @' +$#%, ! E GB%G ( " # 6 & 180º. < ! & # ! @ 4*% F @ * %@( +$# @ * E ! * ( @ &% "#- * !( @ A %A! . * & +/ %A! /D @ &% ' 7& E &/ +$# 6, # " ! 4 && 6 ! # !C& 6 = !/ & & % (# . 7,'). # F @ " ! 4 & A # 7 &- !C& A &* " 7 ! "# * ! C " "# 6 # !C& 6 = ! & & % E ! %&* @ A %A! . # . 5 " 7 & 7@ # & %A! 44°26´ 44´´.

E ! *% @ A E& "# @ &(G # % &%G ! @"%, "- @ B &&%G 4%D " # * !! @ # @ A & @ # .

7@ # & ( D '# '

* & 1. "# * ! & " # * *$# + && 6 # = .

1.!GE C E& %@'! # " * E & A % # 6 - ! & ! * * .

2.& C *$# + &&%G # = % & ! A & @ # " #" &- * %!(#& !! @ # .

. 8. D @ # ' / & A & @ #

53

3.# E ( ! * *% 7 & !C& & " * 4& 6 # = , " *-+ & # !C&/6 & # 7! 4 &&/6 @ @%@ " # # G %!(# 7# !C& 6 #%'/ , E '/ # !C&/6 = # D '/! " # * & @ @%@ ( @. # . 8, D @ )). # & 'D * @ $% #%G 7# !C&%G #%'% "# " @ B @ D E "# 6 # & #%'/.

4.# 7 E A0 %A! 0 , " * #/@ & '!G* ( + & # !C&/6 & # 7! 4 &&/6 @ @%@.

5.# E ( ! *% & "# @ # ! + & # !C& A @ @%@ ( @. # . 8) & 6 ! /D " # D 1 2 " #(* 4 & ' ! (# D ! & # % & A " # 7 & 6 *! & 6 !&/ ( @. '! +% 2 &+ " & (). # 7 E %A! A i *!( ! & 6 " # D 1 2 " #(* . !( 4* 6 ! & "# *( 3 7@ # & (, & # ( C & % 4 ! & G & C. &&/ 4* A 7@ # & (, "# 7 * @ A E& CG +0,5 (" ! & & @ &C= A * ! & ( %A! A E & A % # 6 ), 7 & ( '! +% 1.

6.6 %A!/ *$# + , " * #/@ & '!G* G ( " # !C&/

! & i : i

A i

A0

. ! &%!C 7@ # !C& A ! @' & D * (

 

 

A i , i 3603 A i

A0 .

 

 

 

@ 4*% E @ A0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

n

7. # * C 7@ #( @/6 %A ! * i

i

, A*

i

 

- > (N

N

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

>=

E ! 7@ # & 6 %A! i ; N ? 3); ,

8.6 " # * # = " $#@%!

di

 

k i

 

 

 

 

sin i

 

 

*!( ! & *! & 6 !&/ i , & '!G* @ 6 " # " #(* k. # "# * ! & d *!( " # !C&/D ! & 6 imax 3 @ 4.

9. 6 # *& 7& E & " $#@%! :

d

1 - di .

 

 

 

 

imax

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

imax

10.7%!C / '! +% 1.

54

. S #%*& % # &(G ( F! # && 6 # 6, # ( * ! & $7 E A @/ ! 'R( &( ( ! & * " # 7 @ CG E- / /D ! ' & 6 ( ! *! &/ !&/).

!( & " !(#&/D @ ! %! "# % & =& A " !( F! # &/ - @ D B & D *( ( " ! 4 & # & ( * " !C&/6 @ @ & @ ! %!/ # & &%!G. * ! (& @ F! # E A " !( 6 !&/, "# D *(B 6 E- # 7 B , F! # &/ @ B G ( 7 " ! 4 & ( # & ( & # (& z.

# F @ 7& * " !C&/6 @ @ & p=ez , A* -7 #(* F! # & . F! # E ( "# & + @ C B " "# * ! & G # &

1

P

, A* E - & "#(4 && C F! # E A " !( 6 !&/, # N

 

 

0 E

 

–" !(# 7 && C B N – E ! @ * & + 'R @ , 0

F! # E-

( " (&& (. @ '# 7 @, * F! # E ( "# & + @ C

7

! E &/ z, , ! * !C& , 7& E & ( & "#(4 && " !( 6 !&/ *:

1

Nez

(2)

0 E

 

 

* * 6 @ " # @ && A " !( 6 !&/ * *0 cos t F! # &/ @ D #= G /&%4* &&/ ! ' & ( E 6, # & 6 E !&/ .

A! & II 7 &%

CG & %# & & * 4 & ( F! # & :

 

m

d 2 z

m 2 z r

dz

eE

 

cos t,

(3)

dt2

 

 

 

0

dt

0

 

 

A* 0 ,m - ' && ( E ! ' & 6 F! # & A @ , r - F$- $+ & "# ! & (. # E! & , (B "# 6 E %# & & (, 7& E G && : 7 %"#%A%G 7 # B GB%G !%, "# * !(GB%G ' *&/ ! ' & ( F! # & @ ; #@ 7(B%G !%, * &&%G *!( %E " A! B & ((E % 7 %D & G ! ' & 6); ! 7@%B & #- &/ " !( 6 !&/. # & & (3) - F %# & & /&%4* &&/D ! ' & 6 F! # & %E @ 7 %D & (.

* @ 6 E " # *!( D "# 7# E&/D B " A! B & @ ! , #@ 7(B 6 ! 6 @ 4& "# & '# EC. F @% %# & & ( ) * ( %# & & G (4), # " / /&%4* &&/ ! ' & ( F! # & ' 7 %E 7 %D & (:

d 2 z

2 z

e

E

cos t,

(4)

 

 

dt2 0

m 0

 

 

# F @ @ B & F! # & z @ 4& "# * C *

z z0 cos t . ! F % ! E &% " * C %# & & (4), " !%E @:

71

n % ! E & @ . 6 D * 7 @ n & 7/ ( & @ !C& 6 * " #-

dn

6, "# F @ d >0.

( A B @ G ( " ! / " A! B & (, " F @% 'B 6 D * " 7 !( "# ! @! & ( '% ! ! & # "# * ! & @ F D " ! " " #%. !( ' !C= & "# 7# E&/D B (& "# @ #, ! ) " ! / " A! B & ( ! 4 &$# # & 6 %!C #$! 6 E (D " # . !( D B * " # ( @ & #@ !C&/6 D # # * @ 6 E " # , % ! ( C A# & + @, &% # " ! " A! B & ( ( %!C #$! 6 &$# # & 6 '! (D) "#- # B (, & @ !C&%G. 6 D * " 7 !( "# ! @! & ( n *! &/ !&/ "# * ! & D @ E & # .2. %& #& 6 # 6 7* C 7 '# 4 & 7- @ C F$$+ & " A! B & ( B A *! &/ 6 !&/ . E-1 - 2 % '! & @ !C& 6 * " # .

ny

1 2

 

. 2

@ C " 7 !( "# ! @! & ( n F$$+ & " A! B & ( eB ("%& . ! & () A *! &/ !&/ .

' !G &/6 " 7 !C "# ! @! & ( # */ " 7/ !C # 7 - # C %%@ ' !C= # * && 6 # * : n c . A! &

 

 

c

 

V

 

F! # @ A& & 6 # V

 

, A* - * F! # E ( "# & + @ C

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

# */,

- @ A& & ( "# & + @ C. # & ( * " ! *& $#@%!/, " !%-

E @ n

. ! %E C, E " E 6 '! " # *!( D B

 

1 A*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

n

(1)

F! # @ A& & 6 # !! ! E & '/! * & $#@ !C& "# & @ ! C " (&& 6, E & @ A! 'R( & C ( ! & * " #-

70

'! + 1

)

i ,

A0

A i

i

 

sin

 

di

i

i

"/"

&@

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

111

212

313

1

21

 

 

 

 

22

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

 

23

 

 

 

 

3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

… …

… …

* & 2. "# * ! & %A! 6 * " # # 7# = GB 6 " '&

"# 7# E& 6 *$# + && 6 # = .

1."# * ! C %A! %G * " # G *$# + && 6 # = *!( "- # 1 2 " #(* " $#@%! 4! .

2.! *% 4 # E C %A! %G * " # G 1 2 " #(* D "- # @ * @ & " # * &&/D 7@ # & 6:

D

!( F A &%4& & 6 # 7& C *! & !& *!( * %D 4 ! /D " # !C- &/D ! & 6, 4 %GB%G # 7& C %A! /D E F D ! & 6.

3.# & C " !%E &&/6 # 7%!C # E @ " $#@%! 4! .

4.E C # 7# = GB%G " '& C "# 7# E& 6 *$# + && 6 # = *!( " # A # A " #(* " # " $#@%! (6).

)

 

! &

" & ! & 6

!&/,

"/"

 

&@

 

 

1

! ( ((# ()

404,7

2

&((

435.8

3

! & ( ((# ()

546,1

4

– ! ( (" # ()

576,9

5

– ! ( ( # ()

579,0

& # !C&/ "# /

1.< *$# + ( ?

2.$#@%! #%6 "# &+ " G6A &-# & !(.

55

3.'R( & , D !%E (D & '!G* ( *$# + ( # & !(, D *$# + ( # %&A$# .

4." = % ! ( @ @%@ *!( # 7! E&/D " #(* *$# + && 6 # = .

5.< %A! ( * " # ( *$# + && 6 # = ? # 7- @ #& C?

6.# %6 # " ! 4 & " #(* *$# + "# @ & D# @ E @ , " * GB @ & # = %.

# ! 4 &

D @ # " ! 4 & ( " # !C&/D ! & 6 # % " # D " !%E @/D "# " @ B *$# + && 6 # =

1. !C . . %# 'B 6 $7 . ., % , 7* & (

2.#$@ . . %# $7 . ., / = ( = ! , 7* & (, ii180, 183.

3.$! . . !& / & / 6 F! # @ A& & A 7!%E & (. ., , 2007, ii14, 15.

4.%D & . . 'B 6 %# $7 . " . – .: % , 7*.

-% % %- N308.

$ !

Q !C # ' /: 7%E & 7 & !G .

# ' #/ "# & *! 4& : E& " & ( -1, !C, * " !(- # * , !G @ #.

# ( # (.

7 & , E && @ "! C ! ' & 6 F! # E A # F! # @ A& & 6 !&/ E ' " #(* E& # " ! 4 & "# # & .

: * E -* * , - ! . ! ! ' & ( # * "# D *( !C *& 6 "! , & 7/ ( "! " !(# 7 &&/@. , # @ ! ' & ( *& 6 "! "# '! * G & * ! ' & (@ *#%A D "! (D, ( !( (

56

1. !C . . %# 'B 6 $7 . ., % , 7* & (

2.#$@ . . %# $7 . ., / = ( = ! , 7* & (, ii190196.

3.$! . . !& / & / 6 F! # @ A& & A 7!%E & (. ., , 2007, ii18-23.

4.%D & . . 'B 6 %# $7 . " . – .: % , 7*.

-% % %- N 311

9

Q !C # ' /: 7%E & ( ! & ( * " # & !(&& 6 "# 7@ . # ' #/ "# & *! 4& : A & @ #, " # !C& ( "# 7@ , # % & ( ! @-

" .

# ( # (.

" # 6 & 7/ ( 7@ & & ' !G & A " 7 !( "# ! @!- & ( B 7 @ *! &/ !&/ n f ( ) ,A* - *! & 6 !&/.

" # ( 6 && @ B @. D '! (D " # , op/D * && B "# 7# E& , & '!G* ( %@ &C= & " 7 !( "# ! @! & ( n

% ! E & @ *! &/ !&/ ( ! %@ &C= & @ E / c ). ( 7-

@ C & 7/ ( & #@ !C& 6 * " # 6 A#$E " 7 & & # . 1.

dn

! E && ( D # # * " # - * " # ( B d - "#

dn

F @ # + !C& ( d <0).

n

$

. 1

#@ !C& ( * " # (

D '! (D " # , A* B !C& " A! B ( & 7/- @/D " ! D " A! B & (), & '!G* ( '# &/6 D * * " # : % ! E & .

69

"#&(C #&/@ 360,06°. 7&C @4*% &E&/@ &%!/@ EL@ #& %A- !% #B&( "! "!(#7+ !*%@A ##:

357,14° – 360,06° = – 2,92°

4. E&/A!& (@ 7"# 6,G 6&&!&"& #- @# #D 6*#%A +#&&+.

5.C#7@ &%*! /G @##.

6.&&/@!%E" &&/@* C!/E G+#&&+ ## D-# " #@%!$ (2). # @F !C&%* &B# *!( ## D- :#

& ' 66,47 . 3 ( )

7. 7%!C/ 7@#&6 /E!&6 7&( '!+%

'!+

) 0 0 1 1 1 - 0 2 2 2 - 0 1 )c1 2 )c2

1

2

3

4

5

8.C!*"# !C&/& =&A#" *!( &E! 1 2 " :#@%!$

 

 

 

 

m2

 

m&2'

m2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

¢

 

 

&'2

 

 

,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

2

 

 

 

 

 

A* m 0,02

 

, m

0,5 .

m

A@&& &C=@ %D* D*#%A !-

 

& '

@/D,A C!/E C=&A#" 4&@ " :#@%!$ ¢

 

m2

 

m2

 

2

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

!C&/#& /:"#

1.@< 4&@ C&'R( &!( A6&* (?&@!!"#!%E

2.%6# &'R( *D 6!%E 7@"# !(.

3.&/7 */ +7!(#" ?

4.6 6E7$ !@/ @ !C&%* ?&B#

5.4&@ C!*"# G+#&&+ E" A& #- ?#

6.4 ' 6&&% "#7&.

E&E &&/@7!(#". 6 4&@ C#@# C@ &-A& A&&7!(#""!.

C,! (*(BD"# 7#E &!"#& 6&'! A # 6&&7!(#""! !&/ &!"#& (&"## 6F !&/, 7/&-

( ! 1 1 24 ! % ' 7. &&/67!(#"! (!(( &/@E

!%E@ F!!"E "!(#7&&A , *!( #A # E (# H )7@&(( #@&@ @ '#7@, E A &+ "/ F!!", #"- !4&&/6 "!, "#"&*%!(#&6 !%E%. ! F!!" /#4*( "#(- @%G, 7& "!"!(#7&&/6 , ! #%4&C, "!%E-( +#%!(#& "!(#7&&/6 .

%%B !C& '" (&!%E" A&&7!(#""! .# &4# #F!* @'B !%E (!%E" E&E !("-

#7&&/6 . "# %A! "(*& ^ , %*!#(GB@ %!G tg ^ n . ,#4&&/6 !%E "!&CG "!."!(#7& *C n . - &!C&/6 "- 7!C "#!@!&( B; %A! ^ &7/G %A!@ "!&6 "!(#7+, ! %A!@ #G#.

&@!!# A&& "&/D#7& D!!# - &* 7

7@4&/D "' "!%E&( "!(#7&&A . # F@ "!C7%( (!& *6&A !%E"#!@!&(1. 7 #!!, '!*GBD *6&/@ !%E-

@,&@!!"# G!7A &&/+7!(#" 7@/"# - #/,7!(#" "#&- #,@ 7@"# !(, ! !C&.

!(#7&&/6 @4& "!%EC "@BCG "!(#* - &D "!- &, *GBD *6& !%E"#!@!&, & "#"%GBD *& 7 *%D "!(#- 7&&/D !%E.6

!( (&*! ##D &" +7!(#" &(G@"# %-

#6, &7/@/ &!7#@. E &!7# "!C7%G 4 "#'#/, #/ !%4 *!( "!%E&( "!"!(#7&&A , - "!(#- 7.#/

S #/'"# *&' G"%"# (,&'! !C&/!!#" ,"! - (# (7/& CG"! ,#7!(#" CG!&" #4*7 (,&'!%!(#&/&*#"" 6F "!. (&'! %*/@"! , (GB#= ,"! 67%GB'# !%A CG"! ,#7!(#" 4&@ C47!# &* (&'! @%*@"! A// Acos AB Asin (#.1; !%E %&*#""- &!(# "! )%.

1 , ( , ), - -, -.

68

57

. 1 . 2

# ! ' & "# 6*L E # 7 "# ' #, # '%* 7 * #4 & . & &- & C "# = *= 6 !&/ "# " #+ & !C& A||2 A2 cos2 , C # &

I cos2 , A* I – & & & C ! ' & ( @"! %* 6 . ! * !C& , !- ' & " # !! !C& "! " !(# 7 # , & L ' 6 * !G & & & , # &%G cos2 . && @ 7& E & ( # & # ( &/. F @% *- !( , "# = *= A E # 7 " !(# 7 #, '%* # & # *& @% 7& E & G cos2 , . . 12 . # # B & " !(# 7 # #%A & "# ! & ( && A !%E &-

& & C "# = *= A 7/ ( *& 6 6 4 , 7@ &( ( ! =C # & + ( "! ! ' & ( , /D *(B A 7 "# ' # .

% C & " !(# 7 # " * "! " !(# 7 &&/6 @"! %*/ 0 & & & I0 (# .2). 7C "# ' # "# 6*L !(GB ( ! ' & ( @- "! %* 6 A A0 cos , A* - %A ! @ 4*% "! CG ! ' & 6 # E "- * GB A "! CG "# "% & ( " !(# 7 # . ! * !C& , & &- & C "# = *= A I "# * !( ( /# 4 & @:

I I0 cos2

(1)

S & = & & & 7 & 7 & !G .

@ & "% && A !%E * " !(# 7 # , "! "# "%- & ( #/D '# 7%G %A ! . 7 " # A " !(# 7 # /6* "! " !(#- 7 &&/6 , & & & C # A I0 " ! &% & & & - && A I . A! & 7 &% !G 7 # A " !(# 7 # /6*& & & I0 cos2 . @ '# 7 @, & & & C , "# = *= A E # 7 * " !(# 7 # # & :

I

1

I

cos2 .

(2)

 

2

 

 

 

58

# & & (. & % & # & @ #&%G (# C " # C 5 # 7 &( @ EL " = ! ! @' & & % EL & A % # 6- . EL A# *% ' # ( & "# «0» & & % . & & % % "- # * !(G * ( / / * ! A# *% : *!( F A & D *( * ! & & & % , " * GB @ ! ' * ! & @ ! @' . ! «0» &- & % # " ! A ( @ 4*% + !/@ E ! @ A# *% 0,5°, A#- *% @ * ' !( ( " 7 & & & % . ! 4 «0» & & % " #- = ! 7 0,5° , " 7 & & & % % ! E ( & 0,5°. @ /- E ! C # *& #$@ E 7& E & 7 5 " !%E &&/D EL- . !%E && 7& E & ( !( ( &%! /@ EL @. /&% C G- % 7 "# ' # .

3.!( "# * ! & ( %A! # B & ( "! " !(# 7 + G % ! *% @/@ # # @ " @ C G & * ! & " !(#- @ # 7 #/ C #/= 6. @ &( C EL % 7 & "%& 2. # C 5 # 7 7@ # & (. @ /E ! C # *& #$@ E-7& E & 7 5 " !%E &&/D EL . < '/ "# * ! C %A !

" # "! " !(# 7 + # *& A 7& E & (, " !%E &&- A # # @, & * /E C &%! 6 EL .

"%$% 1: # "# * ! & &%! A " ! 4 & ( G 6, &- " !& && 6 * !! # && 6 * 6, '/! " !%E & # 7%!C 0,06° (# 8), " ! * G /, & " !& && 6 ! *% @/@ #- # @, " !%E & EL 3,56° (# 7). 7& C EL D @ 4*% - & E& 6 & E !C& 6 % & @ # & %A!% # B & ( "! " !(# 7 + ! *% @ A # # :

3,56° – 0,06° = 3,50°

.8

%"$% 2: ! * G /, & " !& && 6 ! *% @/@ # # @ ! /@ # B & @, '/! " !%E & # 7%!C 357,14°. F @ !%E &%! 6 ! *%

67

. 7

! * !C& , # 7& CG * %D EL , %GB D # & % (#- 6 " ! 6 # & & ( " E &/@ # # @ ' 7 & A , "# * !( ( %A ! # B & ( "! " !(# 7 + * &&/@ # # @.

%A!% # B & ( "! " !(# 7 + @ 4& "# * ! C &+ & # + G " E &/D B . !( ' !C= & D B %* !C& # B & @ ! 7 &+ & # + , %A ! # B & ( "# " #+ & ! & &+ & # + .

&' c,

A* - %A ! # B & (, & ' - %* !C& # B & 7@ #( @ A B *!( *! &/ !&/ 589 &@; - *! & G / @., – &+ & # + ( A/@3.

& ( %A ! # B & ( "! " !(# 7 + , @ 4& "# * ! C &+ & #- + G B

 

 

; & '

(2)

# 7@ # & & " !(# @ # %A! # B & ( "! " !(# 7 + "#- # B GB @ " E &/@ # # @ EL / " = ! EL & A % # 6 '%*% 0 * 35°, ! # B GB @ – 360 * 325°.

7@ # & ( D '# ' .

"# * ! & &+ & # + " E & A # # D # .

1.!GE C "# ' #

2."# * ! C &%! 6 EL . !( F A G & * ! & " !(- # @ # " @ B G G % * !! # && 6 * 6. # B & @ %! & '!G* !C& 6 #%' % & C %!(# " A! 7% & # 7-7 '# 4 & ! & # 7* ! " ! 6 # & & (. ! F A , #- B ( #%E % 13 (# 5), * ' C ( # & (# 6 " ! 6

66

!( "# # 7 & !G * && 6 ! ' # #& 6 # ' ! *% ( 7- @ C (1), A* I – & & & C /= *= A 7 & ! 7 # , I0 – & &- & C "# = *= A E # 7 " !(# 7 # , %A ! - %A ! @ 4*% "! (@ "# "% & ( " !(# 7 # & ! 7 # .

< '/ %' * C ( "# *! 7 & !G , & 'D * @ # & C

F " # @ & !C& " !%E &&%G 7 @ C I f ( ) # E @ 7 & @

I0

7@ & & ( $%& + cos2 %' * C ( D " * & .

" & % &

. 3. D @ ! ' # #& 6 % &

" E 6 & " * 4& % # "! &/: 1 -!C, 2,3 - * " !(- # * , 4,5 - "# ' #, 7@ #(GB 6 & & & C " * GB A , -!G @ # (# . 3). !C (! @" & ! & () !GE ( E # 7 '! " & ( -1, @ GB 6 "! &%G # A%! # % (# "%E . %E "# D * E # 7 " !(# */, * & 7 #/D A# # !C " !(# 7 # (2), *#%A 6 - & ! 7 #

(3). A ! " # "! "# "% & ( & ! 7 # & !C& "! "# "% & ( " !(# 7 # E / ( " = ! , & & && 6 & "# & !- 7 # . G @ # 7 * %D F! @ & - E% !C& A * E - ! & /@ $F! @ & @ (4) # ! E& A A !C & @ # (5). ] ! A !C &- @ # A# *% # & & " # * && * & + D B && – !G D @ * "# * ! 7@ # & 6: 0 - 150 !G ; 0 - 500 !G . %-$ $4?" !%-%

!%$#$ 0 - 150 41.

7@ # & ( D '# '

1. " E 6 @C # " ! A G * E !G @ # & @- @ !C& '! 7 @ # (& & ! 7 # 3. & ! G ! @' & ! 7 # 3 " ! 4 & "0"; 7 @, # B ( ! @' " !(# 7 # 2, * ' G ( @ @ !C& A ! & & ( # ! A !C & @ # !G @ # ( 0 ). # F @ "! " !(# 7 # & ! 7 # '%*% " # !! !C&/. 7@ #(G 7& E & I0 .

2.@ &(( # (& ( @ 4*% "# ' # @ , ! *%G 7 @ C I

, # B ( & ! 7 #. 7@ # & ( "# *( E # 7 4*/ 20° 0°

* 360°.

59

3. # *( # # D 7@ # & 6 /E !(G # *& 7& E &

I *!( 4* A %A! . * C I0 - & & & C "# 0 ,

I0

. . & & & C , /= *= A 7 " !(# 7 # . & = &

I @ 4& # @ # C f .

I0

4.&&/ 7@ # & 6 7 & ( '! +% 1 # ( A#$ 7 @

I f . F @ 4 A#$ # ( # E %G # %G

I0

cos2 f1 .

5.# & G * " !%E &&/ # / %' 4* G (, & !C D- # = % ! (D "/ /" !&( ( 7 & !G .

6.!( !G'/D * %D E F " # @ & !C& A A#$ "# * !(G # *& *# E " A# =& " $#@%! :

 

 

 

 

 

Ii

 

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

N

 

I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

I0

 

mI

i 1

I0

 

 

,

 

N N 1

 

 

I0

 

 

 

A* N – E ! 7@ # & 6 "# 7 * && @ %A! . # & C " !%E && 7& E- & m I @ E 6 " A# =& CG !G @ # (±0,5 @ & @ !C& A * ! & (

 

I0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

= !/ "# ' # ).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

& ( & A#$ * # !C&/ & # !/ m I

 

 

 

*!( ' D E .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7. 7%!C / *!( * %D /'# &&/D E "# * C *

 

 

I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I

 

 

m I .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I0

I0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

'! + 1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

) 7@-

 

 

 

 

 

 

I

 

 

 

I

cos2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I0

 

 

I

 

 

 

 

# & (

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

03

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

203

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

403

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

603

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3603

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

60

# %G ! @"% !GE G %@'! # @ 10, G & * ! & 7 #/ G #/= 6 11. # . 5 & 'D * @ /* ! C 4 & '!G* !C&%G #%' % 12 # B GB 6 ( %! 6 & ! 7 # , " 7 !(GB 6 % & ! C & # 7 7- '# 4 & ! & # 7* ! " !( 7# & (. & A! 7& 7 # "! &/ 2 !%"/ ( ! "# & '!G* !C& 6 #%' 12), E # 7 #/ & @ G ( EL / " = ! ! @' EL & A % # 6 . # B & ! @' %B !( ( #%E 6 13. ! @' & & & 360-A# *% & ( = ! + & 6 * ! & ( 0,5°. 4 & #"% "#- ' # 7 # "! &/ & & % / EL &/D % # 6 , # " ! 4 &&/ * @ # !C& . ! E & EL " & & % % – 0,02°, ( = ! & & % !( 0,5°. +$- # & & % : +$# «10» % 0,10°; «20» – 0,20° . *.

" !(# @ # "# @ &L& "# &+ " %# & & ( (# 6 # 7* !L&& A "- " ! @ " !( 7# & ( '! 7 " !& A 7 @& & (. ! "# "% & ( " !(# 7- # & ! 7 # "# # & @ & @ !C&/D (# 6 " ! 6 # & & ( - !(G %A ! ! 90°. * " !( 7# & ( " !(# @ # "# * ! & & # 6

. 6

# & & (# 6 "# 7 *( "% L@ # B & ( & ! 7 # .

! @ 4*% & ! 7 # @ " !(# 7 # @ G % " E - &/@ # # @, # & (# 6 " ! 6 # & & ( & #%= (. & @- 4 '/ C & ! & " # @ & ! 7 # & %A !, # &/6 %A!% " # "! " !(# 7 # # # @.

65