english to topic kiska

The internet.The internet is a magnificent global network with millions and millions of computers and people connected to one another.The internet has grown at a surprising rate. Almost everyone use it regulary. With a few touches at a keyboard a person can get to any material full text newspapers, magazines, journals and books. Hypetext is the text that contains links to other documents.The next generation of internet enabled televisions will incorporate a smart-card for home shopping, banking.The internet is a good example of a wide area network. For long-distance or worldwide communications. Networks can be linked together by telephone lines or fiber-optic cables. Communication satellites receive and send signals on a transcontinental scale.

Traditions.Almost every nation has a reputation of some kind. The English are naturally polite and are never tired of saying thank you and I am sorry. There is no place like home. The Englishman says my house is my castle. The love of gardens is deep-rooted in the British people. Most mens conversations are about gardens. They love flowers very much. Britain is a nation of animal lovers. They have about five million dogs, almost as many cats, 3 mln parrots and other cage birds and 1 mln exotic pets such as reptiles. There are special animal hotels at the airports. There are some traditions conserning food. English cooking is heavy substantial and plain. The Englishman likes a good breakfast. Tea is part of the prose of british life, as necessary as potatoes and bread. Rice and macaroni are soldom served. Then goes an apple tart, or hot milk pudding. They are sought at special fish and chips shops.

\London.London is the capital of great Britain. About eight mln people live in it. It is the largest city Europe and one of the largest in the world. The city is the busiest part of London. People do business there. The tower of London is an old castle, with high walls, high towers, small windows and large gardens. The west end is the richest part of London. You can find the best shops, theatres, cinemas. Westminster is the centre of government and justice. All government offices are in Whitehall . the residence of the prime minister is at 10 downing street. Opposite the houses of parliament stands westminster abbey. The east end is the part of London. Where working people live. The east end is an industrial district of London. The part of London is also in the east end..

Optical.One of the most interesting developments in telecommunication is rapid progress of optical communication. Optical fibers are made from gkass and are usually about 120 micrometers in diameter. It means that they carry more channels of information over from longer distances. It means that less expensive repeaters are required. Besides, they use much less electric power to deliver the signals. Optical fibers increase the speed of telecommunication and provide new, specialized information service. In fact, any kind of information, such as voice, computer data, even video images. Nowadays optical transmission systems are being installed between major cities of Kazakhstan at a rapid rate.

The USA.The united states of America is the fourth country in the world. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the pacific ocean. The usa is made up to 50 states and the district of Columbia. The population of the country is about 250 mln. The highest mountains are the rocky mountains, the cordillera and the sierra Nevada. America’s largest rivers are the missisipi, the missiouri, Columbia. The climate of the country varies greatly. The climate Alaska is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental. The USA is a highly developed industrial country. The largest cities are new York. Los angeles, Chicago, Detroit, san francisko. The united states is a federal union of 50 states, each of which has its own government. There are two main poliyical parties in the USA the republican and the democratic.

A new era for. Avation experts expect that today’s aircraft will begin to be replaced with some new form of supersonic transport in a few year’s time. The speed matches the looks. This plane will fly at a speed five to six times above the speed of sound e.g. the diameter of the fuselage will be 4 meters and the overall length 100 meters. With the cabin accomodating 300 passenger. Therefore airliners routes will mainly lie in the stratosphere. In general to build a reliable hypersonic plane one has to overcome a whole set of technological and scientific difficulties.Because of the extreme temperatures generated by the atmosphere friction. One possibility is using cryogenic fuels, such as liguid hydrogen. Descending to new ocean depth. We know little about the ocean yet. The dream of exploring under the waves is almost as old as seagoing. However already during the swiss nation fair in 1964 a submersible vehicle took thousands of people deep into lake geneva. Soon on of the most advanced crafts. This new submersible is essentially a spherical transparent plastic hull mounted on a metal platform. It is expected that this apparatus will move around the ocean like a sportscar. Miniature video cameras on the ‘wrist’ the manipulator provide it with vision and microphones enable the submersible to hear. Some scientists are trying to develop the worlds deepest manned submersible. When completed, it will be capable of submerging to the depths of 21.000 feet. Its crew will be in a pressure- resistant titanium-alloy cabin.

Laser. In the war of worlds written before the turn of the last century h. wells. Their weapon was a mysterious sword of heat. Today well’s sword of heathas come to reality in the laser. Laser on of the most sophisticated inventions of man, produces an intensive beam of light of a very pure single colour. The application of laser in industry and science are so many so varied as to suggest magic. Scientists in many countries are working at a very interesting problem. The laser’s most important potential may be its use in communications. Besides, there are projects to use lasers for long distance communication and for transmission of energy to space stations.

Superconductivity. According to the prominent scientists in this country ginzburg the latest world achievements in the field of superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry. Superconductors were once thought to be physically impossible. But in 1911 superconductivity was discovered by a dutch physicist onnes, was awarded the nobel prize in 1913 for low temperature research. Abcolute zero is known to be 0 kelvin. This discovery was a completely unexpected phenomenon. For almost 50 years after ones discovery theorists were unable to develop a fundamental theory of superconductivity. In 1950 physicists landau and ginzburg made a great contribution to the development of superconductivity theory. However in 1987 american physicists paul chu informed about a much more sensation discovery. Scientists have found a ceramic material that works at room temperature. This fact makes developing new substances largely a random process.

The international space station. The ISS, the most complex and expensive structure that has ever been launched and built in space.the Russians and Americans are partners in this international enterprise. Later a six or seven person crew will occupy the station. Some astronauts may stay on the ISS up to 187 days. Five times the size of the Russian space station Mir. Moon and venus will be bigger and more visible. Built by a partner ship of 16 nations. The station involves the most technologically advanced nations russia, the united states, Canada, japan, brazil and 11 European nations. Mir was a great achievement. It is a political program as well as a science program. The implementation of the broad international program would require more than $40 billion.