6) Read the text and render it in Russian. Erik Erikson

Erikson is a famous psychoanalyst. His books are popular with the professionals and with the public. He was trained in the Freudian tradition. His teacher was Freud’s daughter Anna. Erikson extended Freud’s theory: he analyzed the stages of development and recognized the impact on personality of culture, history and society. His concept of identity crisis’s well-known.

He experienced several personal crises of identity in his early years. The first such crisis was connected with his name. For many years he thought that his last name was Homburges. It was the name of his stepfather. But the young boy thought that Homburges was his real father.

Later at school in Germany his second crisis of identity occurred: he considered himself a German but his classmates did not want to deal with him because he was Jewish. At the same time his Jewish classmates rejected him because his appearance was Aryan.

The third crisis occurred after graduation from high school. He couldn’t find his own identity so he dropped out of society and traveled in Europe looking for himself. He spent several years seeking his identity. Finally, at the age of 25, he reached Vienna and took a job. He became a teacher in a small school. This school was established for the children of Freud’s patients and friends.

At that time he received training in psychoanalysis, but he never continued his formal education beyond high school. Erikson got married and found both a personal and a professional identity.

Though Erikson did not receive any higher education he was invited to teach at Harvard University and he became one of the most influential modern psychoanalysts. Many psychologists and psychiatrists use Erikson’s theory about the stages of psycho – social development when thy deal with developmental histories of their patients. His works are important not only for psychoanalysis but for education and social work.

Psychohistory is another contribution of Erikson. He has applied his theory of the human life cycle to such figures as Mahatma Gandhi, Adolf Hitler, Martin Luther, and George Bernard Shaw.

Words and expressions:

To recognize – признавать

the impact – влияние

identity crisis – кризиссамоопределения

he experienced – ониспытал

to deal with – иметьделос

rejected him – отверглиего

seeking – впоисках

Unit 8

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Can you imagine life without Personal Computers ?

Personal Computers (PCs) are part and parcel of businesses, engineering, health care, scientific work and everyday life. PCs have become an important tool because they are effective and convenient.

How did computers come into our life ?

1930S: Before computers Punched Card Machines

The predecessors of computers were punched card machines. They were used in 1930s and made large national programs in the USA possible. The machines kept track of names and numbers of millions of U.S. workers and senior citizens for the Social Security Administration.

1940s: The Computer Is Born

The Whirlwind Computer was one of the first computers and was the fastest of its day. It was created at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the 1940s to calculate problems for the military. The first computers were huge and took up the whole building at the Institute. To compute numbers thousands of vacuum tubes were necessary. They created much heat. To cool them large cooling systems were installed .

1950s: Computers For Big Businesses

After World War II the economy was booming: companies grew in size, more goods were produced and trade was developing. Large companies needed computers to manage their businesses. General Electric was the first company in the United States that bought a computer. They used it to keep track of their employees. Computers were very expensive at that time and only the government, big companies and some universities could afford computers.

1960s: More Businesses Use Computers

Big businesses were becoming more powerful and needed computers to collect and organize their information. Computers became vital to corporations and the government. For many people computers were a symbol of power. In 1963 IBM System/360 was introduced.

1970s: Minicomputers and Supercomputers

In the sixties transistors were invented. This invention led to the development of smaller, cheaper and more efficient computers. Minicomputers were more compact and could be installed in places were a huge computer could not.

Later chips replaced transistors and computers became even smaller. Communication, economy and trade were becoming more international and complex in the late seventies. Supercomputers, like the Cray – 1, were built to help work on large and complex problems, such as designing supersonic airplanes and studying the global environment.