Vocabulary

among	среди
fortress	крепость
monument	памятник
population	население
prison	тюрьма
royal	королевский
to attract	привлекать
to bury	хоронить, предавать земле
to divide	делить
tower	башня

London is a very old town. It is about two thousand years old.

Now London is one of the biggest cities in the world. Its population is about 8 million people. It's not only a capital of Great Britain, it's a large business and commercial centre. London stands on the Thames.

As an ancient city London has a great number of places of historic interest. They attract tourists from all the world.

London is traditionally divided into four main parts. They are Westminster, the City, the West End and the East End.

Westminster is the historical area in London. Famous monuments and buildings are there. One of the most beautiful places is Westminster Abbey. Many greatest poets and writers are buried there. Chauser, Dickens, Kipling are among them. Newton and Darwin are buried there too.

Another place which is worth seeing in London is the Tower. In different times this castle was a fortress, a royal palace, a prison. Now it is a museum.

London is rich in famous palaces. Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen. Westminster Palace is the seat of the British Parliament. The greatest of English churches is St. Paul's Cathedral. It was built by a famous English architect, Sir Christopher Wren. Trafalgar Square is considered to be the very centre of London. In the middle of it stands the monument to admiral Nelson.

London is famous for its streets and squares as well. Fleet Street is known for the newspaper offices situated there. Regent Street is famous for the richest shops and supermarkets.

Speaking about London it is impossible to say nothing about its museums. The British Museum shows works of art from ancient Asia, Egypt, Rome and Greece side by side with those of Great Britain and other countries.

1. Read and learn the words of the vocabulary by heart

2. Read the text, translate it into Russian

3. Answer the questions.

1. How old is London?

2. Where does London stand on?

3. What is the population of London?

4. List the famous palaces of London.

5. What is Fleet Street known for?

6. What can you tell about London’s museums?

4. Retell the text.

Ukraine

Vocabulary

a number	ряд, множество
Animal Husbandry	животноводство
anthem	гимн
assure	обеспечивать, гарантировать, уверять
banner	знамя
barley	ячмень
cereals	зерновые, злаки
consumer	потребитель
crop	сельхоз культура
diamond	алмаз
due to	благодаря
executive	исполнительный
fertile	плодородный
grain	зерно, зерновой
legumes	бобовые
maize	кукуруза
meadow	луг
navigable	судоходный
oats	овес
obligations	обязанности
oil	нефть
ore	руда
raising	выращивание
rye	рожь
scientific	научный
soil	почва
term	срок
the highest body	верховный орган
to adopt	принимать
to border on	граничить с
to elect	избирать
to establish	основывать, учреждать
up-to-date	современный
variety	многообразие, разнообразие
widespread	распространенный

Ukraine is situated in the eastern part of Europe. It borders on Russia in the east, Belorussia in the north, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Moldova in the west. Ukraine is washed by the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea in the south.

The area of Ukraine is more than 603,000 sq km. There are the Crimean Mountains in the south and the Carpathians in the west.

The territory of our country has a variety of landscapes as it lies in three main zones: mixed forests, forest-steppes and steppes.

The nature of Ukraine is especially beautiful due to a number of rivers and lakes. There are 131 rivers in Ukraine. The longest rivers are the Dniester, the Donets, the Bug. The Dnieper is the main river in Ukraine. The rivers of Ukraine are navigable.

There are more than three hundred cities and towns in Ukraine. The biggest of them are the industrial centres such as Kharkiv, Donetsk, Dnepropetrovsk, Lviv. Odessa, Mikolayiv, Kherson, Kerch are the most important ports of Ukraine.

The capital of Ukraine is Kyiv. It is an administrative, industrial, scientific and cultural centre.

Ukraine is rich in mineral resources: coal, oil, gas, different ores. Ukraine is a developed industrial country. It has metallurgical and heavy industries, machine building and ship building industries. Ukraine produces up-to-date instruments, electronic microscopes, synthetic diamonds as well as consumer goods.

Ukraine is an agricultural country because its soil is fertile. Its climate is good for cultivating different agricultural plants.

All the principle areas of plant cultivation are: grain and industrial crops, meadow cultures, fruit and vegetable raising. Almost half the cropping area is occupied by cereals such as winter wheat, maize and legumes, rye, oats and barley.

Animal Husbandry is the second largest component of agriculture. The most widespread branch is cattle breeding.

The Constitution of Ukraine

On June 28, 1996, the Verkhovna Rada adopted the Fundamental Law of Ukraine, its Constitution.

The Constitution establishes the country's political system, assures rights, freedoms and duties of citizens and is the basis for its law.

According to the Constitution Ukraine is a sovereign and independent, democratic, social, legal state. Ukraine is a republic. The state language is Ukrainian. The state symbols of Ukraine are the State Flag, the State Emblem and the State Anthem of Ukraine. The State Flag is a blue and yellow banner. The trident is the State Emblem.

The Constitution outlines the activities of the Verkhovna Rada. Its main function is making laws. The people's deputies are elected to the Verkhovna Rada for a term of four years.

The Constitution specifies the power and obligations of the President, who is the head of the State. He is elected for a term of five years. He can't be elected for more than two full terms.

The highest body of the executive power is the Cabinet of Ministers. It carries out the domestic and foreign policy of the State.

Ukraine has an ancient history. There are many places worth sightseeing on its territory.

1. Read and learn the words of the vocabulary by heart

2. Read the text, translate it into Russian

3. Answer the questions.

1. Where is Ukraine situated?

2. Which countries does it boarder on?

3. How large is Ukraine’s area?

4. How many cities are there in Ukraine?

5. Which are the principle areas of plant cultivation?

6. Which mineral resources is Ukraine rich in?

7. Describe the administrative structure of Ukraine.

4. Retell the text.