6. Translate the following sentences in writing pay­ing attention to underlined words and emphatic construc­tions.

1. Since they exist independently of Government, these rights cannot be legislated away, nor are they subject to the momentary whim of an electoral majority.

2. The idea of justice has been playing a part in religion and philosophy since high antiquity.

3. Since the beginning of the century the American theatre has been experimenting with new forms and styles of production.

4. It is a difficult matter to argue with the belly since it has no ear.

5. Nor is it the matter of money.

6. The greater the volume of such exchanges, the better.

7. Everyone has to learn certain things, the younger, the easier.

8. The greater the risk, the greater the fun.

9. It is to enhance their rights that citizens in a demo­ cracy undertake their civic obligations and responsibili­ ties.

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Учебное пособие для философов и политологов

10) It was Th. Jefferson who founded the Democratic Party in the USA.

7. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms.

to set forth to increase

to enumerate to acknowledge

by virtue of to require

to remove to rest upon

to prohibit to argue

to debate to forbid

to rely upon to alienate

to demand due to

rally to number

to recognize to put forward

to enhance meeting

8. Arrange the following words in pairs of antonyms.

to create

rights

equal

dependent

majority

to prohibit

truth

to value

to separate

to enhance

static

hard

evolutionary

virtuous

vicious

easy

revolutionary

dynamic

to decrease

to unite

to devalue

minority

falsehood

independent

to allow

unequal

responsibilities

to destroy

9. Look through the text and give a list of international words.

10. Comment on the following statements.

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Part I

Political science

1. Freedom means responsibility, not freedom from re­ sponsibility.

2. Man's capacity for justice makes democracy possible, but Man's inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary.

11. Summarize the contents of the text in 7 sentences.

12. Speak on such rights as the right to work, the right to rest, the right to free education and medical service should they be written in Constitutions.

UNIT 3

1. Read and translate the text. CONSTITUTIONS

1. The rock upon which a democratic government rests is its constitution - the formal statement of its fundamen­ tal obligations, limitations, procedures and institutions. The constitution of the country is the supreme law of the land, and all citizens, prime ministers to peasants alike, are sub­ ject to its provisions. At a minimum, the constitution, which is usually codified in a single written document, establishes the authority of the national government, provides guaran­ tees for fundamental human rights and sets forth the government's basic operating procedures.

2. Despite their enduring, monumental qualities, con­ stitutions must be capable of change and adaptation if they are to be more than admirable fossils. The world's oldest written constitution, that of the United States, con­ sists of seven brief articles and 26 amendments. This written document, however, is only the foundation for a vast struc­ ture of judicial decisions, statutes, presidential actions and traditional practices that has been erected over the past 200 years — and kept the U.S. Constitution alive and relevant.

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3. This pattern of constitutional evolution takes place in every democracy. In general, there are two schools of thought about the process of amending, or changing, a na­ tion's constitution. One is to adopt a difficult procedure, requiring many steps and large majorities. As a result, the constitution is changed infrequently, and then only for com­ pelling reasons that receive substantial public support. This is the model of the United States, whose Constitution is a brief statement of the general principles, powers and limits of government, together with a more specific listing of duties, procedures and, in the Bill of Rights, the funda­ mental rights of individual citizens.

4. A much simpler method of amendment, which many nations use, is to provide that any amendment may be adopt­ ed by approval of the legislature and passed by the voters at the next election. Constitutions able to be changed in this fashion can be quite lengthy, with specific provisions that differ little from the general body of legislation.

5. No constitution like America's, written in the 18^th century, could have survived unchanged into the late 20^th century. Similarly, no constitution in force today will survive into the next century without the capacity for change — while still holding fast to principles of individual rights, due process and government through the consent of the governed.