Legal education

Текст нужно перевести, выписывая незнакомые слова с переводом. Компьютерный и письменный переводы не допускаются!!!

1. In the English legal system a practicing lawyer must hold one of two professional qualifications: she/he must either have been admitted to practice as a solicitor or have been called to the Bar as a barrister. This division of the legal profession is of long standing, each branch having its own characteristic functions, a separate governing body and professional rules.

2. The legal training for solicitors and barristers is different. To qualify as a barrister a person has to do the following: the first part of training is the academic stage, which provides a general theoretical introduction to the law. The next step is assisting and observing experienced barristers, as well as more practical experience. The last stage is to take the examinations of the Bar Council.

3. To qualify as a solicitor, a person enters into a two-year contract with a firm of solicitors to gain practical experience in a variety of areas of law while studying part time for the “Law Society” exams. It is not necessary to go to university. When you have passed all the necessary exams, you can practice as a lawyer.

4. In the USA legal education includes three years in a Law School and leads to the doctor of law degree. Since legal education in the US does not include any period of practical work experience, the first years out of law school will function as on-the-job training. Work in a large firm will expose the young lawyer to legal practice often with companies, rather than individuals, as clients.

5. Clerking for a judge is considered to be an honor for a young lawyer. Most judges having only two clerks, there are not many positions available. The judge will be very selective in the choice of lawyers to fill those positions. Lawyers clerk for two years, assisting their judge with any business before the court. Law students do not become judges on leaving the university. Usually only on having gained considerable experience a lawyer may be considered for appointment as a judge.

6. The course of legal education in Russia takes four or five years of university training and includes different sides of legal theory and practice: criminal law, civil law, administrative law, constitutional law, etc. The general objective of legal education is to prepare the students of law to function as competent lawyers. The specific objective of the curriculum is to maximize the student’s mastery of legal reasoning and legal method – in addition to teaching the basic substantive rules of the law. Students of law must be taught to analyze complex factual situations, to reason deductively, to separate the relevant from the irrelevant to apply the law in specific cases.

Vocabulary

criminal procedure – уголовный процесс

investigation – следствие, расследование

to accuse of crime – обвинять в преступлении

the law of procedure – процессуальное право

criminal code – уголовный кодекс

the Bill of Rights – Билль о Правах

to search - обыскивать

to seizure - конфисковать

penalty - наказание

jail / prison - тюрьма

to be brought to trial – предстать перед судом

indictment – обвинительный акт

grand jury – большое жюри (24 человека)

rule - правило

state prosecution - прокуратура

to testify – давать показания

to deprive of life – лишить жизни

liberty - свобода

due process of law – должный правовой процесс

counsel - адвокат

bail - залог

the counsel for the prosecution - прокурор

the counsel for the defence - адвокат

to question a witness – допрашивать свидетеля

to be cross-examined – быть подвергнутым перекрестному допросу

to be subjected to cross-examination – быть подвергнутым перекрестному допросу

to swear an oath – принести клятву

hearsay evidence – показания с чужих слов

leading questions – наводящие вопросы

examination - допрос

to bring a verdict – выносить вердикт

guilty or not guilty – виновен или невиновен

to pass / to impose a sentence – выносить приговор

prisoner - заключенный

habitual criminal - рецидивист

to discharge – снимать обвинения, оправдывать

to acquit - оправдывать

to order an injunction – вынести судебный запрет

to offend – совершить преступление

parole board – комиссия по досрочному освобождению

detention - заключение

criminal - преступник

prison cell – тюремная камера

public order – общественный порядок

treatment of criminals – обращение с преступниками

convict - осужденный

to be on parole or probation – быть условно освобожденным

juvenile wrong-doer –несовершеннолетний правонарушитель

legal authorities – правоохранительные органы

to take the examinations – сдавать экзамены

the Bar Council - совет барристеров

to enter into a contract – заключить контракт

the doctor of law degree – степень доктора права

to clerk – работать секретарем

curriculum – учебный план

legal reasoning – юридическое мышление