- •1.Tense Categories of the English Language
- •2.Polyfunctionality and the Nature of Gerund.
- •3. Terms, ways of formation, functions.
- •4. English proverbs, their taxonomy and functionality.
- •5.Modal Verbs, their Evolution and Functioning
- •6. / 27. Grammatical category of number in English.
- •7. Grammatical category of case
- •8. Synonymy
- •9. Stylistic classification of english vocabulary
- •10. Abbreviations, shortenings, the ways of vocabulary enrichment in English.
- •11. Phraseological units, or idioms and free word group
- •12.Major categories of a text.
- •13.The category of voice in English
- •14.The category of mood in English
- •15. Different features of functional styles. Criteria for their classification.
- •16. Syntactic relations in Engl, forms and means of syntactic connection. The word group theory.
- •1) The principle of the categorical reference of a kernel word:
- •2) The character of syntactic relations:
- •3) The way of connection:
- •4) Position of the kernel and adjunct
- •18. Diachronic approaches to polysemy. Change of word meaning in the course of historical development.
- •19. The category of negation in English
- •He never goes anywhere.
- •22. Сonversion in English. Semantic relations within conversion pairs.
- •23. Typology of the sound systems of English and Ukranian
- •24. Typological characteristics of the parts of the sentence in English and Ukrainian.
- •25.Stress patterns of the words in English
- •26.Historical development of the phonetic system of English
- •27 Numeral and quantitative words
- •28. The category of word
- •29. The category of morpheme.
- •30. Phonetic Stylistic Devices.
5.Modal Verbs, their Evolution and Functioning
Modern English modal verbs (can, be, will, ought, shall, etc). In the OE and ME they had a system of personal endings but in the process of evolution they were dropped. In ME and Early New English: phonetic and semantic changes which affected their functions.They lost the forms of the verbals and the distinctions between the forms of number and mood in the Present tense. In NE their paradigms have been reduced to two forms or even one. The verbs can, could, may, might, will, would, shall (mainly British English), should, must and ought are called 'modal auxiliary verbs'. They are used before the infinitives of other verbs, and add certain kinds of meaning connected with certainty or with obligation and freedom to act (see next section). Need and dare can sometimes be used like modal auxiliary verbs, and the expression had better is also used like a modal auxiliary.1)Modal verbs have no -s in the third person singular. 2)Questions, negatives, tags and short answers are made without do. 3)After modal auxiliary verbs, we use the infinitive without to of other verbs. Ought is an exception.4)Modal verbs do not have infinitives or participles 5)certain past ideas can be expressed by a modal verb followed by a perfect infinitive (have + past participle).6)Modal verbs have contracted negative forms (can't, won't etc) which are used in an informal style. (Shan't and mayn't are only used in British English; mayn't is very rare.) Will and would also have contracted affirmative forms ('II, 'd). Some modals have both 'strong' and 'weak' pronunciations. We use them, for example, to talk about things which we expect, which are or are not possible, which we think are necessary, which we want to happen, which we are not sure about, which tend to happen, or which have not happened.
6. / 27. Grammatical category of number in English.
A grammatical category is a system of expressing of generalized grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical form.
The category of number in the noun is expressed by the opposition of the plural form to its singular form.
The general rule for forming the plural of English nouns is by adding - the ending s(-es) to the singular. This way of the plural number is conventionally called productive since it is typical of the majority of English nouns: a doll - dolls, a wolf - wolves, etc. But there are some non-productive means of expressing the number opposition. The following nouns form their plurals by changing the internal vowel(s) (this is a survival from old English): foot-feet, man-men, mouse-mice, tooth-teeth, woman-women. Other survivals from the past are a few nouns which form their plurals with -en: brother - brethren, child - children, ox - oxen. Some nouns are homonymous in singular and plural forms: sheep, deer, fish. A number of foreign nouns have retained their original plural endings: curriculum - curricula, basis - bases, oasis - oases, matrix - matrices. A limited number of nouns may have both productive and non-productive plural forms: index - indexes - indices. The nouns that are always treated as the plural belong to the group called pluralia tantum. Another group which comprises the nouns that are never used in the plural belong to singularia tantum. The category of number is purely grammatical category. There are two numbers – singular and plural. We know that Modern English is analytical, but talking about the Old English in is necessary to remember that it was synthetic. There were four cases (Nom, Gen, Dat, Acc) and a word had different endings for Singular and Plural forms in different cases.
There can be distinguished strong and weak declension of OE substantives. The strong declension includes nouns with vocalic stems (-a-, -o-, -i-, -u-) and the weak declension comprises n-stems only. There are also minor types.