- •1.Tense Categories of the English Language
- •2.Polyfunctionality and the Nature of Gerund.
- •3. Terms, ways of formation, functions.
- •4. English proverbs, their taxonomy and functionality.
- •5.Modal Verbs, their Evolution and Functioning
- •6. / 27. Grammatical category of number in English.
- •7. Grammatical category of case
- •8. Synonymy
- •9. Stylistic classification of english vocabulary
- •10. Abbreviations, shortenings, the ways of vocabulary enrichment in English.
- •11. Phraseological units, or idioms and free word group
- •12.Major categories of a text.
- •13.The category of voice in English
- •14.The category of mood in English
- •15. Different features of functional styles. Criteria for their classification.
- •16. Syntactic relations in Engl, forms and means of syntactic connection. The word group theory.
- •1) The principle of the categorical reference of a kernel word:
- •2) The character of syntactic relations:
- •3) The way of connection:
- •4) Position of the kernel and adjunct
- •18. Diachronic approaches to polysemy. Change of word meaning in the course of historical development.
- •19. The category of negation in English
- •He never goes anywhere.
- •22. Сonversion in English. Semantic relations within conversion pairs.
- •23. Typology of the sound systems of English and Ukranian
- •24. Typological characteristics of the parts of the sentence in English and Ukrainian.
- •25.Stress patterns of the words in English
- •26.Historical development of the phonetic system of English
- •27 Numeral and quantitative words
- •28. The category of word
- •29. The category of morpheme.
- •30. Phonetic Stylistic Devices.
3. Terms, ways of formation, functions.
A term is a word or expression denoting a concept in a particular activity, job, or profession. Terms are frequently associated with professionalisms. Terms can be single words: psychology, function, equity; or they may consist of several words: computer aided design system – система автоматического проектирования. Terms are considered to have one meaning in one field. Contrary to this belief, terms may have more than one meaning. Different fields of knowledge ascribe different meanings to one and the same term. For example, лист in the publishing field corresponds to the term sheet (author’s sheet); in biology, it is a leaf; in technique, it is a plate; in geology, it is lamina. Also, terms of one field are borrowed by other fields, like variant and invariant were borrowed into linguistics from mathematics.Such term homonymy challenges translation. A translator must know the exact meaning of term in this or that field, as well as its combinability. To do accurate translation, it is necessary not only to know the meaning of the terms but also to link them with other words in speech. For example, the word combination прозвонить цепь cannot be rendered by its calque to ring through the line. Its equivalent is to test the line. Term translation may also depend on the regional character of the language. ветровое стекло (автомобиля) – windscreen (British English), windshield (American English); The origin of term shows several main channels, 3 of them are characteristic for terminology.1. Formation of term phrases with subsequent clipping, blending, abbreviation: television text – teletext; ecological architecture – ecotechture; extremely low frequency – ELF.2. Use of combined forms from Latin and Greek: aerodrome, aerodynamic, telegraph, thermonuclear, supersonic. This process is common for terminology in many languages. 3. Borrowing from another terminological system within the same language whenever there is affinity between respective fields. Terms can be formed by affixation: prefixes: co-, counter-, cross-, dis-, ex-, extra-, mis-, multi-, non-, over-, para-, poly-, post-, pro-, quasi-, sub-, under-; suffixes:-er/or, -free, -ism, -less, -like, -oid, -ologist, -worthy; combining of different parts of speech: N1+N2, N+Part.I; N+Part.II; Adj.+Part.I; Adj.+Part.II; Num.+ Part.II;.
4. English proverbs, their taxonomy and functionality.
Idiomatic or phraseological expressions (PE) are structurally, lexically and semantically fixed phrases or sentences having mostly the meaning, which is not made up by the sum of meanings of their component parts. the tables are/were turned(free word-combination) столи перекинуті/були перекинуті; (idiom)-ситуація докорінно змінилась; супротивники помінялись ролями). On rare occasions the lexical meaning of idiomatically bound expressions can coincide with their direct not transferred meaning, which facilitates their
understanding: to make way-дати дорогу; to die a dog’s death-здохнути як собака. Carefully treated must be many English and Ukrainian picturesque idioms, proverbs and sayings, which have
national literary images reflect the traditions, customs of a nation. It often happens that the target language has more than 1 semantically similar PE for 1 in the source language. The bulk of this kind of PE belong to the so-called phraseological unities(many hands make work light-де згода, там і вигода; гуртом і чорта побореш; гуртом і батька добре бити; громада-великий чоловік)
By choosing absolute/complete equivalents-cold as ice
Translation of idioms by choosing near equivalents- to make a long story short-сказати коротко
Translation by choosing genuine idiomatic analogies. to have the ready tongue-за словом у кишеню не лізти).
Translating idioms by choosing approximate analogies- to lose one’s breath-кидати слова на вітер
Descriptive translating of idiomatic and set expressions- a single word(red blood-мужність, відвага);with the help of free combinations of words(school miss-соромлива, недосвідчена дівчина);by a sentence or longer explanation(well day-день, коли у хворого не погіршувався стан здоров’я).