- •1.Tense Categories of the English Language
- •2.Polyfunctionality and the Nature of Gerund.
- •3. Terms, ways of formation, functions.
- •4. English proverbs, their taxonomy and functionality.
- •5.Modal Verbs, their Evolution and Functioning
- •6. / 27. Grammatical category of number in English.
- •7. Grammatical category of case
- •8. Synonymy
- •9. Stylistic classification of english vocabulary
- •10. Abbreviations, shortenings, the ways of vocabulary enrichment in English.
- •11. Phraseological units, or idioms and free word group
- •12.Major categories of a text.
- •13.The category of voice in English
- •14.The category of mood in English
- •15. Different features of functional styles. Criteria for their classification.
- •16. Syntactic relations in Engl, forms and means of syntactic connection. The word group theory.
- •1) The principle of the categorical reference of a kernel word:
- •2) The character of syntactic relations:
- •3) The way of connection:
- •4) Position of the kernel and adjunct
- •18. Diachronic approaches to polysemy. Change of word meaning in the course of historical development.
- •19. The category of negation in English
- •He never goes anywhere.
- •22. Сonversion in English. Semantic relations within conversion pairs.
- •23. Typology of the sound systems of English and Ukranian
- •24. Typological characteristics of the parts of the sentence in English and Ukrainian.
- •25.Stress patterns of the words in English
- •26.Historical development of the phonetic system of English
- •27 Numeral and quantitative words
- •28. The category of word
- •29. The category of morpheme.
- •30. Phonetic Stylistic Devices.
27 Numeral and quantitative words
Quantitative pronouns are much , many ,/a/ few , /a/ little. All of them are both noun- and adjective pronouns. Many and /a/ few are used with countable nouns and much ,/a/ little with uncountable .
In common with adjectives quantitative pronouns have the category of comparison. For this reason some grammarians do not include them in pronouns.
Якщо перед займенниками fewтаlittleвживається неозначений артикль а, йдеться про недостатню кількість. Для позначення великої кількості вживають такі словосполучення, якalotof,lotsof.The numeral is a part of speech which indicates number or the order of persons and things in a series. Accordingly numerals are divided into cardinals (cardinal nu- Berals) and ordinals (ordinal numerals).
Cardinal numerals indicate exact number, they are used in counting. As to their structure, the cardinal numerals from 1 to 12, 1000, 1,000,000 are simple words, those from 13 to 19 are derivatives with 'the suffix -teen; the cardinal numerals indicating tens are formed by means of the suffix -ty (twenty, ; thirty, etc.). The numerals from 21 to 29, from 31 to 39, etc. are Composite; twenty-two, thirty-five, etc. Ordinal numerals show the order of persons and things , a series.
With the exception of. the first three (first, second, third) ordinal numerals are formed from cardinal numerals by means the suffix -th. Ordinal numerals are generally used with the definite article: (the first, the tenth, etc.).
28. The category of word
The definition of word is one of the most difficult in linguistics because the simplest word has many different aspects. Being the central unit of any language system, the word is a sort of focus for the problems of phonology, lexicology, syntax, morphology and also for some other sciences that have to deal with language and speech, such as philosophy and psychology and probably quite a few branches of knowledge.
The term WORD denotes the basic unit of a given language resulting from the association of a particular meaning with a particular group of sounds capable of a particular grammatical employment. A word therefore is simultaneously a semantic, grammatical and phonological unit.
Eg. BOY is a group of sounds [boi], meaning- “male child up to the age of 17 – 18”, grammatical meaning- noun, has a plural form- boys, personal noun, has a genitive form- boy’s.
When a deviation affix is added, a new word is formed- LISTEN and LISTENER are different words.Words may take different functional affixes –LISTEN and LISTENED are different forms of the same word. When word is used in sentences together with other words, they are syntactically organized.
29. The category of morpheme.
Morpheme is a minimal undividable part of the language in which certain sense is connected with a certain phonetic form. Morphemes may be of lexical (roots), lexico-grammatical (affixes) and purely grammatical (flexions) meaning. Morphemes are not always parts of the word. They may be words themselves: simple nouns, pronouns, articles, prepositions, adjectives, adverbs).
According to their meaning and function in the structure of the word root and affix morphemes are distinguished.
Root morpheme expresses a general lexical meaning of the word. Root morphemes may be free and connected.
Affix morphemes give additional meaning to the word. They have word-building or pragmatic meaning. Sometimes they are markers of grammatical categories of the word (gender of the noun: actress, tense of the verb: looked).
Grammatical affixes:1) form-building; 2) word-changing.