- •1.Tense Categories of the English Language
- •2.Polyfunctionality and the Nature of Gerund.
- •3. Terms, ways of formation, functions.
- •4. English proverbs, their taxonomy and functionality.
- •5.Modal Verbs, their Evolution and Functioning
- •6. / 27. Grammatical category of number in English.
- •7. Grammatical category of case
- •8. Synonymy
- •9. Stylistic classification of english vocabulary
- •10. Abbreviations, shortenings, the ways of vocabulary enrichment in English.
- •11. Phraseological units, or idioms and free word group
- •12.Major categories of a text.
- •13.The category of voice in English
- •14.The category of mood in English
- •15. Different features of functional styles. Criteria for their classification.
- •16. Syntactic relations in Engl, forms and means of syntactic connection. The word group theory.
- •1) The principle of the categorical reference of a kernel word:
- •2) The character of syntactic relations:
- •3) The way of connection:
- •4) Position of the kernel and adjunct
- •18. Diachronic approaches to polysemy. Change of word meaning in the course of historical development.
- •19. The category of negation in English
- •He never goes anywhere.
- •22. Сonversion in English. Semantic relations within conversion pairs.
- •23. Typology of the sound systems of English and Ukranian
- •24. Typological characteristics of the parts of the sentence in English and Ukrainian.
- •25.Stress patterns of the words in English
- •26.Historical development of the phonetic system of English
- •27 Numeral and quantitative words
- •28. The category of word
- •29. The category of morpheme.
- •30. Phonetic Stylistic Devices.
22. Сonversion in English. Semantic relations within conversion pairs.
Conversion, one of the principle ways of forming words im Modern English.
Conversion referres to an affixless way of word-building, a process of making a new word from some existing root word by changing the category of a part of speech without changing the morphemic shape of the original root-word. The transposition of word from one part of speech into another brings about changes of the paradigm.
Conversion is not only highly productive but also a particularly English way of word-building. It is explained by the analytical structure of Modern English and by the simplicity of paradigms of English parts of speech. A great number of one-syllable words is another factor that facilitates conversion.There are different criteria used to decide on the direction of conversion.
1)the basic word usually has more m-ngs than the derivated one
2) the derivated word is based on the notion expressed by the basic word (logical criteria)
3) if the word has more derivatives based on it, than it’s the basic word (derivational relations within one word cluster)
The semantic criteria shows semantic relations between the members of conversion pairs.
I. Verbs converted from noun (denominal verbs) denote: fish (n) - to fish (v)
II. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal nouns) denote: to move (v) - move (n)
III. Verbs converted from adjectives (deadjectival verbs) get the meaning of "to make (adjective) open (adj) – to open (to make open)
23. Typology of the sound systems of English and Ukranian
There are two major classes of sounds traditionally distinguished in any language - consonants and vowels. Vowels are open sounds and consonants are relatively closed. Consonants are known to have voice and noise combined, while vowels are sounds consisting of voice only.
The alphabet which we use to write English has 26 letters, but there are approximately 44 speach sounds. The number of speech sounds in English varies from dialect to dialect.Vowels are made by opening the mouth and letting air come out freely. Dictionaries say that there are 20 vowel sounds in English. Phonetically there are three distinct kind of vowels used in English: short vowels (ship, pen, put, hot, bat, again), long vowels (see, boot, talk, car, turn)and diphthongs (train, die, hous, nose, coice, chair, ear, poor) The phonological analysis of English consonant sounds helps to distinguish 24 phonemes.There are voiced(b,d,v) and voiceless consonsnts(p,t,k,).Voiceless consonants are usually articulated more strongly than their voiced counterparts, because in voiced consonants, the airflow energy used in pronunciation is split between the laryngeal vibration and the oral articulation.
Vowels: Ukrainian has six vowel phonemes /i/, /I/, /e/, /a/, /u/, /o/.
Consonants: There are 32 consonant phonemes.
Most Ukrainian consonants come in two forms: unpalatalized (hard) and palatalized (soft).
24. Typological characteristics of the parts of the sentence in English and Ukrainian.
All the parts of the sentence in the contrasted languages have an isomorphic functional meaning and lexico-grammatical nature. Their traditional subdivision into the main and secondary' parts of the sentence is also common, '[lie main parts are the subject and the predicate. The secondary parts are the object, the attribute and the adverbial modifiers. The subject and the predicate in the contrasted languages are independent parts of the sentence. Other parts of the sentence are usually dependent on the predicate or on one another. The structure of the parts of the sentence is generally characterized by isomorphic features. But there is some allomorphism. Complex subject is specific for English. E. g. She is said to arrive tomorrow. Formal subject in English correlates with imperative sentences in Ukrainian. E.g. It's cold. Холодно. The place of predicate is fixed only in English. Auxiliary7 verbs for questions are allomorphic in English. In Ukrainian the predicate indicates the person through endings. That is why we observe more often impersonal sentences without subject in Ukrainian. It is specific for Ukrainian to have an agreement between the attribute and the verb it determines. Complex object and Formal object are allomorphic for English. Adverbial modifiers are considered to be an isomorphic phenomenon in the contrasted languages. Some ways of expressing the subject are found in English only. They are l)by means of the indefinite pronouns one , you. they ', 2)by means of impersonal or introductory pronoun it:3)by the gerundial construction.etc. The main features of the predicate are common in English and Ukrainian. Allomorphism is pertained only to some forms of expressing it in English. As to its structure, the predicate may be in both languages l)simple verbal; 2)simple nominal: 3) the simple phraseological.