Higher medical education in ukraine

Task 1 Study the following words and word combinations:

care турбота, піклування

graduation from закінчення

scholarship стипендія

pharmacist фармацевт

advanced встигаючий

pharmaceutical фармацевтичній

engage займатися

curriculum навчальний план

defend захищати

thesis дисертація

syllabus програма

degree ступінь

approve затверджувати

candidate of science кандидат наук

include заключати

training course курс пiдготовки

chemist's (shop) аптека

intern iнтерн

obtain набувати

Task 2 Familiarize yourself with the data of the following table:

CONSTRUCTION "THERE + TO BE”

(Affirmative Form)

Present Simple	Past Simple	Future Simple
There is (Singular) There are (Plural)	There was (Singular) There were (Plural)	There will be (Singular, Plural)

Task 3 Read the following examples and translate them:

There is a surgical department in this hospital.

There are some departments in the regional hospital.

There was a stomatological department at our University.

There were some students at the lecture yesterday.

There will be a new hospital in our city.

Task 4 Translate the following sentences into your native language:

1. There are 320 patients in this clinic.

2. There were 17 faculties at Oxford University in 1967.

3. There will be many friends in my party.

4. There were several practical classes at our Institute last week.

5. There is a nurse in the therapeutic department.

6. There was an old clinic in our city.

7. There are medical, stomatological, grounding and postgraduate educational departments at the Medical Institute.

Task 5 Put the following sentences into the Past and Future Simple Tenses:

1. There is a medical faculty at our Academy. 2. There are many clinical chairs at the University. 3. There are many qualified teachers at our Medical Institute. 4. There are several outstanding scientists at our hospital. 5. There are many medical colleges in our country. 6. There is a very interesting museum in our village. 7. In this residential district there are a lot of parks.

Task 6 Translate the following sentences into English:

1. В нашій лікарні є декілька відділень 2. В цьому університеті – дві бібліотеки. 3. В національному університеті біля 25 факультетів. 4. В читальному залі було декілька студентів. 5. В районній поліклініці буде багато пацієнтів. 6. Вчора в цьому залі були збори.

Task 7 Study the following table:

Number of Nouns

leg medicine dress research box remedy day life tooth foot atrium

legs medicines dresses researches boxes remedies days lives teeth feet atria

Task 8 Form plural from the following nouns:

A. Subject, remedy, heart, parent, class, disease, chair, physician, skill, scientist, faculty, service, leaf, syllabus, pass, intern, nurse;

B. sanatorium, woman, child, nucleus, alveolus, vertebra.

Task 9 Insert the missing letters and translate the words and word-combinations:

Syllab_s; appr_ve; s_ience; gradua_ion; pharma_ist; en_age; curricu_um; d_gree; tr_ining; co_rse; in_lude; int_rn; obt_in; c_emist's shop.

Task 10 Read the following words and word-combinations:

Task; health; reason; personnel; important; Pharmaceutical Institutes; pharmacists; last; curriculum; syllabuses; approved; course; laboratory; practice; so-called; Chemistry; Anatomy; Biology; senior; Therapy; Surgery; Obstetrics; Gynaecology; acquire; sanitary epidemiological stations; chemist's shops; diagnosis; interns; certain period; advanced specialists; engage; research; defend; thesis; candidates of science.

Task 11 Translate the following word-combinations and sentences into your native language:

1. to become; he became interested in Therapy; She became pale; This method became a new one of treating.

2. disease; to treat different diseases; to fight against diseases; disease of the lungs; the symptoms of the disease; the reaction of the body to the disease; a heart disease; a dangerous disease, a prolonged disease; The disease is the natural process.

3. institution; medical institution; educational institution; state institutions.

Task 12 Read the following text and translate it:

MEDICAL EDUCATION IN UKRAINE

The main task of medicine is the care about the people's health. For that reason the training of the medical personnel is very important.

Medical and Pharmaceutical Institutes train future doctors and pharmacists. Doctors' training takes six years but stomatologists' or pharmacists' training lasts five years. The curriculum and syllabuses for these Institutes are approved by the Ministry of Public Health.

The main administrative unit of medical Institute or University is the faculty. As a rule the Medical University or Institute may have one or more faculties (medical, stomatological and others), headed by the dean. He/She is responsible for administrative affairs of the faculty.

The training course consists of lectures, practical classes, practical work in laboratories and medical practice at different medical institutions. During the first two years the students of the Medical Institutes have so-called pre-clinical training, which includes general subjects, as Physics, Chemistry, Anatomy, Biology and others. In the senior years they study clinical subjects, as Therapy, Surgery, Obstetrics, Gynaecology and others.

The senior students acquire practical skills, working at many hospitals, polyclinics, sanitary epidemiological stations, and chemist's shops. They acquire such practical skills, as to examine patients, to make a diagnosis, to prescribe proper treatment, to fill in case histories. A lot of students participate in scientific societies; their dream is to become research workers in future.

Having passed the state examinations, young doctors begin to work as interns during a certain period.

After graduation from the Institute they work as different specialists at the medical institutions.

The most advanced specialists are engaged in research. They defend theses and obtain degrees of candidates of science (medicine).

Task 13 Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:

Затверджувати; турбота, піклування; курс підготовки; тривати; включати, заключати; хімія; акушерство; хірургія; кандидат наук; інтерн; аптека.

Task 14 Complete the text with the suitable words:

1 The main task of medicine … the care about the people's health.

2 Medical Institutes … future doctors.

3 Doctors' … takes six years.

4 The curriculum and … for these Institutes are approved by the

Ministry of Public Health.

5 The training course … lectures, practical work in laboratories and medical practice at different medical institutions.

6 The medical students … Physics, Chemistry, Anatomy, Biology, Therapy, Surgery, Obstetrics, Gynaecology and others.

7 The students acquire such practical skills as to … patients, to make a diagnosis, to … proper treatment, and to fill in ….

8 Having passed the state examinations, young doctors … to work as interns during a certain period.

syllabuses; prescribe; examine; training; case histories; is; senior; begin; consists of; learn; train.

Task 15 Answer the following questions:

1 What is the main task of medicine?

2 What Institutes train future doctors and pharmacists?

3 How long does the doctors' training take?

4 What does the training course consist of?

5 What kind of training do the students have during the first two years?

6 What subjects do they study during this period?

7 What subjects do the students study during the senior years?

8 Where do young specialists work after graduation?

9 What specialists are engaged in research?

Task 16 Translate into English the following sentences:

1. Я – студент медичного інституту. 2. Курс підготовки стоматологів триває п’ять років. 3. Протягом цього часу ми повинні отримати знання з багатьох медичних предметів, включаючи анатомію, фізіологію, медичну біологію, патологічну фізіологію, терапію, хірургію, гінекологію та ін. 4. Працюючи в лікарнях, студенти-медики вчаться оглядати хворих, ставити діагноз, призначати лікування і заповнювати історії хвороби пацієнтів.

Task 17 Complete the following answers:

1. Where do you study? I study at …

2. How long does your training take? My training …

3. What subjects do you learn during the first two years? I learn …

4. What subjects do the senior medical students learn? They learn …

5. What practical skills will you acquire being the senior student? I'll acquire …

Task 18 Ask and answer the similar questions each other.

Task 19 Skim through the text "Medical Education in Ukraine" and find sentences expressing its main idea.

Task 20 Make up a plan of the text "Medical Education in Ukraine".

Task 21 Tell the group about medical education in Ukraine keeping the following consistency:

The main task of medicine; the training of medical personnel; medical and pharmaceutical Institutes; the course of training; pre-clinical and clinical training; practical skills; research work.

MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE USA. Part I.

Task 1 Learn the following words:

achievement		досягнення
admission		вступ
choice		вибір
complete		завершувати
committee		комітет
curriculum		навчальна програма
budget		бюджет
participate		брати участь

Task 2 Match the following Ukrainian word combinations with the English ones:

1 вища освіта a) medical school

2 плата за вступ b) hospital insurance

3 госпітальне страхування c) admission fee

4 академічна успішність d) academic achievement

5 медична школа e) higher education

Task 3 Find the sentences in the Present Continuous Tense. Translate them into Ukrainian:

1 At the age of 18 American children finish their secondary school.

2 Students are studying for 3 years in a college before they apply for admission to a medical school.

3 The competition to a medical school is very high.

4 Medical students are working for two years in clinics and out­patient departments.

5 The tuition fee is increasing with every coming year.

Task 4 Read the text:

MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE USA

After finishing secondary studies those young people who are inter­ested in medicine must complete 3-4 years of higher education in a col­lege or university. This period of college or university studies is called “the premedical phase”. The students who are taking this course of stud­ies preparing them for a medical school are called “premeds”. A student applies for admission to a medical school when he has completed premed­ical studios. Academic achievement is the most important factor in the selection of students. In most medical schools candidates are required to pass the admission test. This is a national multiple choice test. The test lasts about eight hours over a one day period and includes questions in biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics and English. Then, special ad­mission committees have personal interviews with the candidate in order to assess the candidate’s general qualities, his character and his ability to study medicine. Usually the competition is very high and only about half of the students who apply to a medical school are accepted. The basic med­ical sciences are presented largely during the first two years of medical studies. The students study in the first year anatomy, biophysics, bio­chemistry, physiology, bacteriology, histology and other subjects. In the second year they study microbiology, pathology, physical diagnosis, phar­macology and laboratory diagnosis.

During the final two years the curriculum consists of clinical subjects and the students in small group meet their teachers in the wards and in the out-patient departments where they participate in the treatment of patients.

At the end of the fourth year all students receive the Degree of Doctor of Medicine, that is MD. Then they must work for one year as interns. After the internship young doctors must have a period of residency at the clinic which is obligatory for all medical graduates. This period depends on the specialty of the doctor. Generally it is three or four years.

Medical education is not free in USA. Of late medical schools are gradually increasing tuition fee in all the universities of the USA. Only a small part of students receive scholarships. The government-financed universities charge less while the tuition of the private colleges and uni­versities is extremely high.

Generally a typical budget for the full course tuition in medicine for one academic year at the government-financed universities is about 12 000-13 000 dollars and at Medical schools which are privately endowed is 15 000-16 000 dollars.

E.G.:

Tuition 9500 dollars

Books, instruments, etc. . . . 100 dollars

Food 2000 dollars

Lodging and utilities 1500 dollars

Health service fee 250 dollars

Hospital insurance 150 dollars

Personal 1800 dollars

Admission fee 50 dollars

The academic year is divided into 3 terms. The first trimester runs from September 8 - December 22 (15 weeks). The second trimester (9 weeks), January 3 - March 3. The third trimester (12 weeks), March 8 - June 2.

Task 5 Find answers in the text to the following questions:

1 When does a student apply for admission to a medical school?

2 What is the most important factor in the selection of students?

3 What is the aim of personal interview with applicants?

4 What subjects do the students have during the first two years of medical studies?

5 What does the curriculum consist of during the final two years?

6 What degree do students receive at the end of study?

7 What is the period of internship?

8 Where can the graduate work after residency?

Task 6 Choose the proper Ukrainian equivalents to the English words and word combinations:

1. academic year	a) предмет
2. complete	b) стипендія
3. curriculum	c) плата за навчання
4. subject	d) приватний
5. participate	e) навчальний рік
6. internship	f) студент-медик,
	що закінчив навчання
7. tuition fee	g) програма
8. scholarship	h) брати участь
9. medical graduate	i) завершувати
10. private	j) інтернатура

Task 7 Choose the correct meaning:

1. curriculum

a) schedule b) table c) programme d) timetable

2. complete

a) end b) finish c) graduate d) provide

3. medical school

a) university b) department c) college d) academy

4. residency

a) work at private office b) years of post MD training

c) work at the hospital d) independent work

Task 8 Put the words in the right order:

1 To make a sentence:

a) lasts, choice, usually, the, 8 hours, about, multiple.

b) test, medical, is, most, Admission, schools, in, required.

2 To make a question:

a) Academic, factor, achievement, Is, important, an?

b) sciences, are, When, medical, presented?

c) What, curriculum, clinical, are, subjects, included, into?

Task 9 Put the verb in the Present Continuous Tense:

1 The medical students (to have) lecture in Physiology now.

2 They (to learn) Biochemistry and Human Genetics during 9

weeks.

3 Tuition fee (to increase) gradually in all medical schools.

4 Admission Committee (to discuss) the results of the admission test.

5 Professor (to deliver a lecture) in Physics to the first year students.

Task 10 Give negative form of the Present Continuous:

1 We are taking notes of Anatomy.

2 A member of the staff is interviewing the students of the second year.

3 The students are working at the laboratory now.

4 Let's wait for him. He is taking his examination in History now.

Task 11 Choose the proper continuation:

1 Students total expenses throughout the year …

2 The department provides instruction …

3 The laboratory work of the trimester ...

a) in cell physiology and systems physiology

b) is summarized in small group conferences

c) are about several thousand dollars

Task 12 Choose the correct form of the verb:

1 During the third trimester medical students carry out/are carrying out laboratory experiments.

2 The surgeon performs/is performing an appendectomy.

3 The Committee defines/is defining the problems of modern medi­cine.

4The third and fourth year students work/are working in clinics and out-patient departments.

5The students write/are writing test in Anatomy.

Task 13 Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English:

1 Студенти навчаються 3 роки в коледжі перш ніж поступити в медичну школу.

2 Конкурс в медичні школи надзвичайно високий.

3Більшість медичних шкіл вимагають, щоб абітурієнти складали вступний тест.

Task 14 Put the verb into Past Continuous:

1. The students are preparing for a medical school 4-5 years.

2. Most medical schools are using a national multiple choice test.

3. During the final two years the students are studying clinical sub­jects.

4. American doctor is working as an intern for a year.

5. The tuition at private colleges and universities is becoming ex­tremely high.

Task 15 Mind that these verbs are not used in the Continuous Tenses:

want, like, love, hate, need, prefer, depend, know, mean, understand, believe, remember, forget.

MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE USA. Part II.

Task 1 Read the text:

GRADING POLICY

Some American colleges and universities use a grading system based on the mastery of subject material. Each course is based on specific course objectives and where possible on clinical accomplishments that must be completed. Students are made aware of the expectations at the beginning of each course.

The grading standards used in the USA are as follows:

A - for outstanding work which demonstrates exceptional mastery of course material.

B - for good work which is clearly beyond simple, mastery of the course material.

C - for acceptable work indicating a mastery of basic concepts of a course.

D - the lowest passing grade.

E - for work that fails to meet course requirements.

F - to be given only for an administratively excused absence (person­al illness, family tragedy, an “I” (Incomplete) grade signifies that due to some circumstances the student has not achieved the minimal course objectives.

Grades for clinical courses are based on three major criteria:

1) the quality of services provided to patients;

2) the judgement demonstrated in the overall management of patients;

3) the quantity of services provided to patients necessary to as­sure acceptable progress in a clinical discipline.

Inter-related with these criteria is the need to demonstrate an increas­ing level of ability to provide treatment with low dependence on direct faculty supervision. The ultimate objective of the curriculum is to pre­pare the student to provide complete care for patients with a level of qu­ality acceptable to the faculty.

In the event of “I” grade, the student should contact the instructor who will indicate to the student what must be done to complete the course and will also set a time limit which may not exceed one calendar year from the end of the term in which the student was enrolled in the course. If by the end of the year no change in grade has been submitted the stu­dent must re-enroll in the course.

Task 2 Read the text “Grading Policy” once again and say whether the following statements are true to the text:

1. D is not the lowest passing grade.

2. Quality of services provided to patients is very important in estab­lishing grades for clinical courses.

3. The ultimate objective of the curriculum is to achieve high level of ability to provide treatment.

Task 3 Put in the suitable words in the following sentences. Use the key below.

1. Academic achievement is the most important factor in the ... of students.

2. The application to the medical school ... about 850.

3. All medical graduates should have the period of ... .

4. When the student has not achieved the minimal course objectives he is given ... grade.

Key: costs; incomplete; selection; residency.

Task 4 Write questions with: What; When; How; Where.

1. The applicants are having a national test.

2. Some American colleges are using a grading system for checking students’ ability.

3. He was preparing for his test when I phoned.

4. Though it was late the teachers were giving instructions.

Task 5 Make a short dialogue. You and your partner can select replies from lists (1) and (2) below:

1	2
to master subject material	course objectives
outstanding work	major criteria
acceptable work	to meet course requirements
to provide treatment	ultimate objective

Task 6 Translate into English.

1 Плата за навчання в приватних медичних університетах складає 20-30 тис. доларів щорічно.

2 При вступі до вищої медичної школи найбільш вагомим факто­ром є академічна успішність.

3 3-4 роки домедичної освіти є обов’язковими при вступі у вищу медичну школу в США.

4 Головною метою навчання студента-медика є підготовка до на­дання допомоги на високому професійному рівні.