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Invention of computer

Many encyclopedias say that the first computer was developed by Howard H. Aiken (and his team) in America between 1939 and 1944. It was a large-scale, programme-controlled machine which could make a very complex (1)..........

However, after World War II an important (2)......... was made that the first computer was, in fact, made in Germany in 1941 by Konrad Zuce.

Later Konrad Zuce founded a company in order to build computers that could be used by an engineer or a (3)..........

Konrad Zuce also developed the first real programming language, which shows an amazing (4)......... to today’s most advanced computer languages.

Unfortunately, the role of this man, who was years ahead of his time, is still (5)......... to many people.

Maybe for the ‘official’ history of computers it is (6)......... to accept that Konrad Zuce was on the wrong side of World War II.

CALCULATE

DISCOVER

SCIENCE

SIMILAR

KNOWN

POSSIBLE

6. Read the text. Choose which word (a, b, c or d) best fits each space. The qualities of great children’s films

Some children’s films are forgettable and formulaic, but the best of them (1)......... audiences of every age with intense cinematic experiences. ‘The great children’s films are the ones adults love too, that everybody loves,’ says Catherine Des Forges of the Independent Cinema Office. They really engage you. They make you laugh, they make you cry, they take you into their world and you come out thinking differently.’

So what are the qualities that (2)......... for truly great children’s cinema? All great children’s films have dynamic narratives, unforgettable characters and emotional power. Often, they deal with dark (3)......... matter – especially separation and the anxieties it entails. In many of these films, a young character is dramatically parted from an older, stronger protector – a wrenching scene that leaves audiences in (4)..........

‘If you think about the lives children (5).........,’ says Des Forges, ‘they’re influenced by a lot of the same things adults are, like bereavement and loss, loneliness and violence. I think the best children’s films deal with that in a way that’s comprehensible even to quite young audiences.’

Of course, great children’s cinema can move the mind (6)......... as the heart. Some deal with the biggest, most complex questions: Who are we? How do we know what we know? What’s our purpose and place in this world?

Humour is vital too, though it’s essential to avoid the kind of self-conscious irony which prevents an emotional response. The best ones work because we know that behind all the jokes, the main characters care about each other. (7)......... all, a great children’s film must have sincerity. It must say: ‘I want you to care about these characters.’

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

A) allow

A) make

A) topic

A) howls

A) run

A) in addition

A) Above

B) provide

B) stand

B) subject

B) drips

B) conduct

B) together

B) More

C) offer

C) put

C) theme

C) cries

C) lead

C) as well

C) Over

D) deliver

D) go

D) issue

D) tears

D) hold

D) besides

D) Upon