- •Министерство образования республки беларусь
- •1. Explain the meanings of “can” in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •3. Turn the following into unreal statements and translate both variants into Russian. Change the form of the infinitive if necessary.
- •4. A. Put in “can” if possible, if not, use “could” or “will” be able to.
- •2. In other cases, w have to use will be able to.
- •3. Conditional: We can use could to mean “would be able to”.
- •5. A. Express strong doubt about these negative sentences.
- •6. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the infinitive.
- •7. To practice can, make up situations of your own using the following patterns.
- •8. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •15. Memorize the following proverbs and sayings and use them in a situation of your own.
- •1. Determine the meaning of the modal verb “may”. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Change the following sentences to express uncertainty using the modal verb “may” and the proper form of the infinitive. Follow the example.
- •3. Make the following sentences less certain by using “may” or “might”.
- •4. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the infinitive.
- •6. Change the following sentences into the future or past. Use be allowed/ permitted to
- •7. Paraphrase the following sentences using where possible the modal verb “may”.
- •8. To practice “may”, make up situations of your own using the following patterns.
- •9. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •10. Memorize the following proverbs and use them in situations of your own.
- •11. Translate the following sentences into English. Use the modal verbs “can (could)” and “may (might)”.
- •12. Translate the following sentences into English. Use the modal verbs «can» and «may».
- •1. Determine the meaning of the modal verb “must”. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Change the following sentences using the modal verb “must” to express probability and the appropriate form of the infinitive.
- •3. Answer the following questions in accordance with the example given below.
- •4. Rewrite these sentences using “must” or “can’t” and translate them into Russian.
- •5. Notice the use of “must” in reported speech in the following sentences and translate them into Russian.
- •6. Remembering that must in the meaning of probability is not used either with reference to the future or in the negative form, find a suitable way of translating the following sentences into English:
- •7. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the infinitive.
- •8. To practice must make up situations of year own using the following patterns.
- •9.Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Revision
- •1. Choose the modal verb that best suits the context.
- •3.Translate the following sentences into English using the modal verbs “can”, “may”, “must” where necessary; state their functions.
- •To have to
- •1. Determine the meaning of the modal verbs “to have to”, “to be to”. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. A. Make the following sentences a) interrogative, b) negative.
- •3. Put in “must” or “have (has/got) to”.
- •4. Complete the sentences, using “must not” /“mustn’t” or “do not”/”don’t have to”.
- •5. Change and explain the following sentences as shown in the example.
- •6. Change the sentences using “be to”.
- •7. Fill in the blanks with “have to” or “be to”.
- •8. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •9. To practice the use of “have to” and “be to”, make up situations of your using the following patterns:
- •10. Choose the alternative that best suits the context.
- •Revision:
- •1. Fill in the blanks with “must”, “have to” or “be to” to suit the motives expressed in the following sentences:
- •1. Explain the meaning of “need” in the following sentences and translate them into Russian:
- •2. Translate the following sentences into English using need:
- •3. Choose the alternative that best suits the context.
- •Should – ought to
- •1. State the meaning of the verb “should” in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.
- •2. Give a piece of advice using the modal verb “should” and the words in brackets.
- •3. Choose between “must” and “should” in the following sentences.
- •4. Choose the most suitable form.
- •5. A. Change the sentences using “should” so as to express criticism.
- •6. Combine the modal verb “should” with the appropriate form of the infinitive in brackets.
- •7. Translate into English.
- •Ought to
- •1. State the meaning of the verb “ought” in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.
- •2. Combine the modal verb “ought” with the appropriate form of the infinitive in brackets.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •Should – ought to
- •1. Rewrite the sentences, using “should” or “ought to”.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •3. To practice “should”/”ought” to make up situations of your own using the following patterns.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •Will / would
- •1. State the meaning of the verb “will”/ “would”. Translate into Russian.
- •3. Complete the sentences with “will/”won’t”/”would”/”wouldn’t”.
- •4. State whether the verb will/would is a modal verb or an auxiliary verb.
- •6. Translate the given parts of the sentences into English and complete the sentences.
- •7. Translate into English.
- •1. State the meaning of the verb “shall”. Translate into Russian.
- •2. State whether “shall” is an auxiliary or modal verb.
- •3. Complete the following sentences using “shall”.
- •4. Translate into English
- •1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the verb “dare”.
- •2. Paraphrase the following sentences using the verb “dare”.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •Mixed bag
- •1. Define the meanings of the modal verbs. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Insert the modal verbs in the correct form.
- •3. Combine the modal verbs with the appropriate form of the infinitive in brackets.
- •4. Use the necessary modal verbs.
- •5. Translate into English.
- •Revision
- •1. Supply the necessary modal verbs for the following sentences, noticing the Russian equivalents given in brackets:
- •2. Translate the following sentences into English using suitable modal verbs.
- •3. Translate the following sentences into English using modal verbs.
- •4. Translate the following sentences into English using modal verbs.
1. Determine the meaning of the modal verbs “to have to”, “to be to”. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. She asked what her husband said about those cheeses. I replied that he directed they were to be kept in a moist place and that nobody was to touch them.
2. The rain was so sudden, so everybody had to take a taxi.
3. “I want to know on what terms the girl is to be here” said Mrs. Pierce. “Is she to have any wages and what is to become of her after you’ve finished your teaching?”
4. He didn’t have to hear what Tullis was talking about to know that he was talking about his play and the success it was.
5. It was foolish of her to marry a man so much younger. My only hope is that she won’t have to go through as much suffering as she deserves.
6. There is one sort of person who astonishes me. This is the elderly Englishwoman, generally of adequate means who is to be found living alone, up and down the world, in unexpected places.
7. It was an official party. The Trollopes were to have been there, but couldn’t come because of the sudden illness of their son Edwin.
8. I did not know then that he was to become my best friend for many years.
9. “Guess what!” “I can’t guess. You’ll have to tell me”.
10. The children are not to touch anything in the room.
11. It was the first and the last ceremony. I was to see.
12. He was to have had a music lesson in the morning but the teacher called up to cancel it.
13. He looked about him for his daughter but she was not to be seen.
2. A. Make the following sentences a) interrogative, b) negative.
1. We had to stay in the town for two days.
2. They will have to take much luggage with them.
3. They have to work hard at their pronunciation.
4. We are to meet at the entrance at four.
5. We were to discuss the question with the dean.
6. The boys had to return home because of the weather.
7. He was to arrive by the 12.30 train.
8. The Smiths had to spend the summer in town.
9. We shall have to change trains at Eastbourne.
10. The house is to be painted this summer.
B. Add tag-questions to the following statements.
1. He had to prevent their meeting.
2. All right. Then I have to go.
3. You will have to do without me.
4. I don’t have to wait to be promoted.
5. O.K. Jimmy, you don’t have to try to manage any more.
6. He was to phone Henry at eight.
7. They are to take up history next year.
8. The students are to hand in the compositions.
C. Put questions using the words on brackets.
1. Tom had to go to the police station (Why).
2. They’ll have to answer a lot of questions at the exam (How many questions).
3. Ann has to wear glasses (Why).
4. The plane is to land at 4:10 (When).
5. They are to hold the meeting in the hall (Where).
6. I had to get up early yesterday (When).
7. The museum is to open in two days (When).
3. Put in “must” or “have (has/got) to”.
Note: Must usually expresses the feelings and wishes of the speaker/hearer. Have (got) to often expresses obligations that come from somewhere else. Compare:
I must stop smoking. (I want to).
I’ve got to stop smoking. – doctor’s orders.
Must you wear those dirty jeans? (Is that what you want?)
Do you have to wear a tie at work? (Is there a rule?)
I’m tired. I … go to bed early.
John … go to school on Saturdays,
We … go to London for a meeting.
“This is a great book”. “I … read it”.
A soldier … obey orders.
I think we … pay in advance.
You really … visit us soon.
I … try to spend more time at home.
You … go through Carlisle, on the way to Glasgow.