Health control.

The outgoing Russian citizens and foreigners arriving in Russia must have a special document "International Certificate of Vaccination" which certifies that a person has been inoculated against some infectious diseases such as с hoi era, smallpox, yellow fever, plague, typhoid fever or malaria. All incoming foreigners must proceed to the Health Control to pro­duce the certificate of vaccination.

PLANT QUARANTINE POINT.

Any load or baggage containing seeds, bulbs, cuttings, vegetables and fruit are subject to the Plant Quarantine inspection. A passenger must have a special licence to carry plant materials. This document should be produced to the State inspector of the Plant Quarantine Point.

Veterinary point.

Transportation of animals, birds, live fish, insects and products of animal origin is under the inspection of the veterinary Control. A passenger should have a medical certificate for his animal (a dog, a cat) to carry it in the passenger cabin.

Exercises.

I. Translate into Russian:

to be subject to the inspection, a licence, the Health Control, the Plant Quarantine Point, the Veterinary Control, certify, certification, produce, cer­tificates of vaccination, inspect the certificate of vaccination, pass through the Health Control, to be inoculated against some diseases, to feed animals, to produce certificates of vaccination.

I. Animals are subject to special regulations of the carrier and respective authorities.

II. In some countries they check the certificate of vaccination.

III. When entering a foreign country, leaving it or passing through it you need a visa, a foreign passport and a medical certificate.

IV. The Health officials are the first to meet you in the USA.

They examine your chest X-ray, smallpox vaccination certificate and other health certificates. If everything is in order you'll go to the immigration inspection.

V. Vaccination requirements for Philippines are almost the same as for Southeast Asian countries -smallpox, cholera, yellow fever.

VI With improper documentation as require... by countries of exit, transit and entry the passenger may not be accepted for transportation.

Topic 9.

Fares and rates.

On international and domestic routes passenger fares and cargo rates differ in different countries.

There are two main categories of passenger fares on scheduled services known as "normal" fares and "special" fares. Normal fares are available to all passengers without limitations. Special fares are lower than normal economy fares and are designed to attract passengers who would not travel at the higher economy fares.

Special fares are known to be available on a round trip basis only. Both normal and special fares generally vary on a give, route, according to the season and may vary according to the day of the week or time of day. In some cases normal economy fares vary by season and by day of week or time of day.

Different airlines may offer different normal economy fares between the same city-pairs.

There are many types of special fares excursion fares, individual and group inclusive tour fares, youth fares, family fares, student and teacher fares and military fares.

The most widely available of these special fares are excursion fares.

PASSENGER AND cargoRATES.

Passenger and cargo rates increased significantly in 1991. The average levels of international normal economy class fares and cargo rates in va­rious geographical areas increased markedly between 1990 and 1991. Normal economy class fares increased by an average of 8% worldwide in 1992.The trends in normal economy fares reflect trends in fares generally.

Average international fares increased by 13% worldwide with increases for individual route groups ranging from II to 29$.

Average annual changes ranged from an increase of about 6% for routes within Europe to a decrease of about 3% for those within the Middle East. These figures are influenced by the relationship of the US dollar with the other currencies.

With respect to cargo rates the average rate for shipments under45 kg increased worldwide by 5%. Large increases for fares and rates reflect the circumstances when airlines faced substantial cost increases mainly in fuel and insurance. A series of special passenger tariff conferences for IATA airlines were hela to negotiate fares.

A new regulation covering consultations not only on passenger tariff but also on cargo tariffs came into effect in 1991.

A joint meeting was held in 1991 to discuss the impact of tariff increases in response to increases in costs caused by a rise in fuel and insurance prices.

Fares came into effect in 1992.Cargo rates are negotiated each year.

EXERCISES

I. Answer the following questions:

1. Do passenger fares and cargo rates differ in different countries?

2. What are the two main categories of passenger fares on scheduled servi­ces?

2. Are special fares lower than normal economy fares?

2. On what routes are special fares available?

2. Do normal economy fares vary by season?

2. What types of special fares are available?

3. What are the most widely available fares?

4. When did passenger and cargo rates increase significantly?

2. How did normal economy class fares increase?

10. What do the trends in normal economy fares reflect?

11. How much, did average international fares increase? 12. Did cargo rates increase worldwide?

I3.When did a new regulation on passenger and cargo tariffs come into effect?

14. What do large fares and rates increases reflect?

II. Use the following words in the sentences of your own:

impact, a rise in prices, to reflect, in response to, worldwide, decrease to range, to cause, insurance, average, various, a trend, to differ, to be available, to be designed, to vary, different, to come into effect, lower, relationship, higher, according to, to offer, city-pairs, youth fares, to negotiate fares, to reflect, to increase, annual, shipment, markedly, significantly.

III. TranslateintoEnglish:

средний, влияние, отражать, возрастать, предлагать, иметься в на­таяли, вести переговоры, вступать в силу, взаимосвязь, колебаться в известных пределах, разниться/расходиться/, заметно, тенденция, быть причиной/вызывать/, согласно/ в соответствии с/, пе­ревозка товаров, повышение, в ответ на, существенно, топливо, совместный, проводить /собрание/.

AIRLINE PASSENGER TARIFF.

Tariffs - the published fares, rates, charges and related conditions of a carrier. Tariffs are published in APT - Airline passenger tariff manual. The fares apply to air carriage over the routes from the airport at the point of origin to the airport of destination. They do not normally inclu­de ground transfer charges, transportation taxes, airport charges, or other charges imposed by government authorities.

IATA rate of exchange (ROE) is used to convert local currency fare to Neut­ral units of construction (NUC) and to convert total NUC amounts to the cur­rency of the country of commencement of the transportation. The base for fare construction is the normal fare - the full fare establi­shed for a first, intermediate or economy-class service.

Economy-class (Ycl) fares basically apply for travel In the Y-cl compart­ment of an aircraft. Economy-class is the cheapest and the most popular. IATA rules control economy-class passengers in many ways, such as the quan­tity of food that can be given to them and the minimum prices that can be charged for drinks. Intermediate or business-class (C-cl) fares apply for travel in the C-cl compartment of an aircraft. First-class (F-cl) fares apply for travel in the F-cl compartment of an aircraft. First-class tic­kets cost almoso twice as much as economy-class tickets.

Fares also depend on type of journey. The main types of journey are: one-way trip(OW),round trip(RT), circle trip (CT) and open jaw trip (OJ). A one-way trip is considered to be any journey which for fare calculation purposes is not a complete round or circle trip entirely by air. A round trip means a journey entirely by air from a point of origin to another point and return to the point of origin, comprising two fare components on­ly, for which the applicable normal half RT fare for each component, meas­ured from the point of origin, is the same for the routing travelled. Fare component is a portion of an itinerary between two consecutive fare construction points - the point of origin and the point of destination are fare construction points. A circle-trip means travel from one point and re­turn thereto by a continuous circuitous air route, in so far as it is not covered by the definition of a round-trip. Open-jaw trip-travel which is essentially of a RT nature, except that for open jaw the outward point of departure and the inward point of arrival are different. To have more pas­sengers air carriers supply a great number of special fares and discounts such as Inclusive tours, family fares, student fares, teacher fares, excursion fares, youth fares, discounts for infants and children, etc.

topic 10.

AVIATION SECURITY.

The number of acts of unlawful interference (for 1992) diminished significantly compared to I99I. In 1992 there were 9 incidents; 7 of the incidents were either seizures or attempted seizures, one was an act of sabotage to a ground facility and one was an in-flight attack utilizing a ground-to-air missile. These acts of unlawful interference resulted in the deaths of 10 persons and injuries to 123 more. Amendment 8 to Annex 17 (Security) was adopted by the ICAO Council and became effective in 1992. The amendment covers security screening of checked baggage, security cont­rol over cargo, courier and express parcels and mail, and security considera­tions in airport design.

There was growth in the automation of cargo clearance procedures, result­ing in possible clearance time of15 min or less in some States, Several foreign carriers established electronic links with US Customs allowing their cargo to be cleared prior to the arrival of the aircraft.

Flight safety in scheduled operations improved in the number of fatal aircraft accidents per 100,000 hours flown and the number of fatal accidents per 100,000 landings.

In 1992 the ICAO Accident Investigation Meeting made 50 recommendations for safety improvements.

SECURITY (ANNEX I7, ICAO).

This Annex sets out the basis for the ICAO civil aviation security programme and seeks to safeguard civil aviation and its facilities against acts of unlawful interference.

Security Manual is used world-wide by governments, airline operators and airport administrations in their civil aviation security programmes. The most important security specification in this Annex is the inspection/ screening of persons and baggage at international airports.

TheicaoCouncil has recognized the importance of this specification. States which have effectively implemented inspection/screening procedures have seen a reduction in unlawful seizures of aircraft.

The coordinated action advocated by ICAO can ensure improvements in the safety and security of international civil aviation.

AIRCRAFT AND AIRPORT SECURITY.

It should be ensured that a program provide measures to be taken into the following areas: aircraft ground security, baggage security cargo and mall security. Aneffective program should prevent unlawful interference with civil avia­tion. A safe area Bust beestablished for the boarding ofall flights and passengers andtheir hand baggage are screened prior to entering this area.

Transit andtransfer passengers must be screened in accordance with ICAO standards at their airports of departure. All persons anditems entering this area must be authorized and subject to security control. It is recommended that under extreme conditions the following actions are taken: keep passengers under surveillance between check-in point andboard­ing gate; consider boarding passengers through one aircraft door only; iden­tify passengers by cross check with passport or other acceptable document at the boarding gate; mark passenger's name on boarding pass to enable cross check to be made; if a suspect is refused carriage other operators at that airport are advised accordingly.

It is recommended that under normal conditions the following actions are taken: ensure security of baggage tags; advise passengers to lock and identify baggage; ensure that all itemsboarded belong to passengers who are travelling on the flight.

It is recommended that under extreme conditions the following actions are taken: suspend curbside check-in, inspect contents of hand baggage; search all baggage, or inspect by X-ray or other devices and do not permit cabin baggage on other items to be brought on board without search; seal all bags at time of acceptance.

Everything carried by passengers is very important. More attention should be given to the problem of baggage security. Special baggage strapping ma­chine must be introduced. In Great Britain such machines are already used.

EXERCISE

Answer the following questions:

1. Did the number of acts of unlawful interference diminish?

1. When was Amendment 8 to Annex 17 adopted?

2. When did it become effective?

3. What items does the amendment cover?

4. Did flight safety in scheduled operations improve?

6, How many recommendations did the ICAO Accident Investigation Meeting make for safety improvements?

7. What Annex sets out the basis for the ICAO civil aviation security programme?

8. What's the most important security specification in this Annex?

7. What actions are recommended under extreme conditions?

10. What actions are recommended under normal conditions?

MONITORING PASSENGERS AND LUGGAGE (CANADA).

Updated airport technology can check passengers in less than 8 seconds. Detection systems are capable to screen airline passengers and their luggage. The system includes a walk-through rapid monitor and a separate luggage ra­pid explosives monitor(REM).

A research programme was initiated to develop a screening device for airli­ne passengers and their luggage. The walk-through rapid explosives monitor is fully automatic and easy to operate. Passengers flow is regulated by green and red traffic lights. A green light signals the passenger to enter the tunnel and a red light inside the tunnel instructs the passenger to pause at a designated location for about 6 seconds, When this signal changes to a green light, the passenger continues through the tunnel. If explosive vapour is detected audio and visual alarms are triggered, alerting the airport autho­rities.

It's recommended that the walk-through monitor be used in conjunction with other monitoring devices such as metal detectors. This system can process up to 8 passengers per minute. While passengers are being screened by the walk-through monitor their luggage can be analyzed for the presence of exp­losive vapour using the luggage rapid explosives monitor. Red and green lights guide the operator in the processing of each piece of luggage.

Each bag is placed on a conveyor belt when the green light indicates. If explosive vapours are detected, audio and visual alarms are triggered. Used in conjunction with an X-ray system, it can screen up to 12 bags per minute.

The REM systems were installed at the international airports in Cana­da in 1990 for tests. The results of these tests showed that the REM systemsare effective. They are able of processing an acceptable volume of passen­gers and luggage with high sensitivity and low false alarm rates, minimizing any inconvenience to the public.

They greatly improve the explosive detection capabilities of airport secu­rity personnel.

TOPIC II MANAGEMENT

Management decisions have an impact on 'light safety. Managerial deficiencies have increasingly been identified as contributing causes to acci­dents and incidents. This was recognized by ICAO in Flight Safety and Hu­man Factors Programme which is aimed at the management of civil aviation administrations, operators, and decision-makers in the aviation system.

The influence of management, on flight safety has been often overlooked. It's easy to illustrate the important role of management in promoting flight safety. The safety implications of flawed decision-making and poor safety management are evident. Safety through management.

Aviation is a complex system and requires the precise co-ordination of a large number of human and mechanical elements for its functioning. As a system, it possesses elaborate safety defences. Accidents in such a system are the product of the combination of a number of causal factors. Breakdowns are the consequence of human decision-making failures which occur primarily within managerial sectors.

Failures can be viewed as follows: (I) active failures, which are errors and violations having an immediate adverse effect, and are generally associ­ated with the "end-user" (pilot, controller, mechanic, etc)

(2) laten failures, which are decisions or actions, the consequences of which

may remain dormant for a long time.

Laten failures are present in the system well before an accident, and are most likely bred by decision-makers, regulators, managers and other people far removed in time and space from the event.

Laten failures have their primary origin in errors of the decision-makers. Even in the best run organizations, a significant number of important deci­sions will prove to be wrong. Since these wrong decisions cannot be pre­vented, steps must be taken to detect them and to reduce their adverse con­sequences

Fallible decisions in line management may take the form of inadequate procedures, poor scheduling or neglect of recognizable hazards. They may lead to inadequate skills, inappropriate rules or poor knowledge or they may be revealed in poor planning or workmanship.

Fallible decisions by line management may breed conditions under which end-users may unknowingly perform unsafe acts.

For example, deficiencies in training may translate into high workload, undue pressure under time constraints, inappropriate perception of hazards, or

ignorance of the system. These conditions may be further aggravated by environmental influences or by the presence of hazards.

There is a direct relationship between management deficiencies and accident/incident precursors.

Deficiencies in training may lead to precursors such as high workload which may co-exist with failures in maintenance and in scheduling which in turn may also increase workload and pressure. At the same time, failures in system control may allow pairing of inexperienced crew members or operations under unacceptable adverse conditions.

Laten failures which lead to accidents are type causes, while active failures which cause the breakdown of defences are only token causes. Deficient training for example, is a type cause which can give rise to a variety of token causes.

Remedying a type cause can eliminate a large class of token causes. One of the pillars of safety is sharing experience-collecting, analyzing, discussing and publishing safety information. The air carriers and countries which are leaders in safety are always ready and open to talk about safety problems. Conclusions.

When asking ourselves how future occurrences can be prevented, all the factors need to be considered.

Reform actions-teaching pilots to be aware 0f insidious visual illusions or the limitations of operations into contaminated runways, should help to prevent similar occurrences at any airfield.

The pilot's performance is the logical result of an inconsistent training nystem and the defective policies of management both at the airline, and the aviation administration.

No flight crew can be expected to cope with situations for which they have not been properly trained.

Adequate reform action by the airline entails the following steps:

-reappraisal of the airline training system and rules to provide for stability:

-the Implementation of formal procedures for instructor selection and training;

- the appointment of a flight safety officer and the establishment of a safety Information system;

- the re-evaluation of the dispatch and flight-following system; » the implementation of schedules which reflect a degree of realism.

Verification of pilot competency is a responsibility of the authorities.

Global action should be undertaken to bring the aviation system up to date in terms of communications, navigation and approach aids, infrastructure and weather information dissemination.

The Response of management to safety Information is vital.

EXERCISES

I.Translate the following words from English into Russian: undertake,relationship,precursor,co-exist,deficiency,identify,increase,in-creasingly,workload, inexperienced, contribue (to), contributing cause, recognize, recognizable hazards, human factors, decision, unacceptable, influence, overlook, verification, competency, promote, promoting, implication, flawed decision-making, evident, precise, response,defic5ent,training, possess, elaborate, causal factors, vital, breakdown, consequence, occur, occur rence, primarily, remedy, error, violation, eliminate cause, adverse effect, share experience, associate (with), laten failures, remove, inconsistent, event, prove, wrong decision, to be aware (of), prevent, to cope with, limitation, adequate action, detect, adverse consequences, fallible decision, contaminated, inadequate procedures, entail, poor, scheduling, ignore ignorance, inadequate, skills, implementation, reappraisal, inappropriate, poor knowledge, reveal, poor planning, appointment, unsafe acts, high workload, undue pressure, inappropriate perception of hazards, aggravate, environ mental influences.

II. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1.ICAO has recognized that managerial deficiencies are contributing causes to accidents and incidents.

2.The influence of management on flight safety is great.

3. Any error may have an immediate adverse effect.

4.Very important decisions may be wrong.

5.One cannot prevent wrong decisions.

6.They must take some actions to detect the wrong decisions.

7.Deficiencies in training may lead to inappropriate perception of hazards.

8.There is a direct relationship between management deficiencies and accident precursors.

9.You can eliminate a large number of causes.

10.The role of management in promoting flight safety is important.

11.We consider all these factors to prevent accidents to cope with hazards

12.The response of management to safety information is vital.

13. We should undertake some actions to perfect the aviation system: communications, navigation aids, etc.

III. Answer the following questions:

I.Can you illustrate the Important role of management in promoting flight saferety?

2. What is ICAO Flight Safety and Human Programme aimed at?

3.Coordination of what elements does aviation require for its proper

functioning?

4.Why do breakdovas occur?

5.Which way can failures be viewed?

6. Whict may fallible decisions result in?

7.Verification of pilot competence is a responsibility of the pilot, isn't It?

8. What is one of the pillars of safety?

9. What steps may adequate reform action entail?

10. What may deficiencies in training lead to?

11.What do they mean by type causes and token causes?

12. What has been identified as contributing causes to accidents and incidents?

IV. Translate the following words into English:

очевидный, причина, признавать, точный, следствие, решение, влияние, недостаток, содействовать, обладать, разделять, причастность, происходить, защита, тщательно продуманный, неприемлемей, поломка, нарушение, рассматривать, неблагоприятный, скрытый, устранять, воздействующий, управление, восприятие, подверженный ошибкам, не отвечающий требованиям, пренебрежение, несоответствующий, разоблачать, ухудшать, порождать/вызывать/, ненадежны;:, чрезмерный, напряженность, незнание, окружающая среда, символически:, взаимосвязь, исправлять/вылечивать/, происшествие, предотвращать, сознавать, подстерегающий/коварный/, оценивать, влечь за собой /вызывать/, осуществление, назначенце, оценка /определение/, ответ, подтверждение, компетенция, предпринимать, распространение, предвестник, столп/опора/, мера/средство против чего-либо, исключать, управлять, оценивать, проглядеть/не замечать/,недостаточный, исключать, важная роль, личностный фактор, требовать, правильная работа, ответственность, обучать, обучение, вероятно, основной, значительное количество, плохое расписание, правила, знание, условия, наличие опасностей, сосуществовать, техническое обслуживание, публиковать, заключение.

AIRPORT MANAGEMENT.

A trend is to establish autonomous authorities to operate airports and route facility services.

Five of Canada's major airports were transferred from federal government operation to 4 independent management groups known as local airport authorities.

In New Zealand a civil aviation authority was established to take over the functions of the air transport division. New Zealand had previously established publicly-owned corporations to operate a number of airports and a State-owned enterprise to assume control of airways services on a commercial basis.

Vienna Airport Authority was transformed into a joint stock company in which 27% of the shares were sold to private interests to provide capital for airport expansion. Prior to this development within Europe only the British Airports Authority, primarily London area airports, had such extensive private involvement.

In Germany preparations were finalized for the establishment of a new government-owned, autonomous authority that was to take over responsibility for the provision of air traffic services from the Federal Administration of Air Navigation Services.

EXERCISES

1.Translate the following words into Russian:

trend, to establish, authority, to operate, facility, major, to transfer, government, to operate, operation, to depend, dependent, independent, to manage, management, local, to take over, to function, a function, division, previously, public, publicly, to own, owned, enterprise, to assume* basis, transform, a joint stock company, share, to sell-sold, private, to expand, expansion, prior to, to develop, development, extensive, to involve, involment, to finalize, to provide, provision, to prepare, preparation.

II .Answer the following questions:

1.What has happened to Canada's major airports?

2.Which services have taken over the functions of the air transport division in New Zealand?

3.Which way are airports in New Zealand operated? '

4.What are the transformations with airports administration in Vienna?

5.What preparations were finalized in Germany?

TOPIC 12.