9. Translate the sentences paying attention to the meaning of the words “provided”, “ provided that”, “ providing”:

1. The density of a body can be found, providing its mass and volume are known.

2. A satellite in orbit is acted upon by only one force, gravity, provided it is high enough to be free of air drag.

3. With the rocket almost any chemicals can be used, provided that they react together and produce hot gases as end products.

4. Provided the satellite’s kinetic energy is high enough to overpower gravity and drag, an object can orbit at any altitude around the Earth.

10. Translate sentences paying attention to the function of the words “ provided ” and “ providing ”:

1. If a short half-life-radioisotope is utilized in the heat source, excess fuel must be provided at the beginning of the mission.

2. Newton not only demonstrated the nature of white light but also provided an explanation for the production of colored spectrum by a prism.

3. Hooke’s law of elasticity, named after his discoverer, Robert Hooke (1635-1703), states that the deformation of a solid body is proportional to the force acting on it, provided the force does not exceed a certain limit.

4. Experimental studies of plasma properties, although providing quantitative data at specific operating points, have not by now provided the desired relationship between these properties and thruster operating parameters.

5. The velocity with which a gas will flow from one container to another may be obtained in the same manner as for a liquid, providing the density remains constant.

6. Liquid oxygen systems are not at all dangerous in service, provided all the necessary safety measures are taken.

7. It is possible for an object to revolve in a circular orbit about an attractive center, provided that the attractive force is of the right magnitude to give it the acceleration, which corresponds to the curvature, of the orbit.

11. Translate sentences paying attention to the meanings of the noun “succession”:

1. If we send sunlight through a prism, we get the well-known spectrum, in which all colors from red to violet are contained in a continuous succession.

2. In an ordinary a. c. circuit the current goes through all its phases in succession.

3. Pulse radar uses a succession of short pulses of radio-frequency energy.

12. Translate the sentences paying attention to the meaning of the verb “locate”:

1. All guided missiles need a system which will identify and locate the target.

2. Radioisotopes are used as an inspection tool for locating damaged parts.

3. The tanks may be located in the wings of the airplane.

Text 12 b The Social History of Television as a Technology

1. Study the text. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary:

1. It is often said that television has altered our world. The invention of television was no single event or series of events. It depended on a complex of inventions and developments in electricity, telegraphy, photography and motion pictures, and radio. It separated out as a specific technological objective in the period 1875-1890, and then, after a lag, developed as a specific technological enterprise from 1920 through to the first public television systems of the 1930s. Yet in each of these stages it depended on inventions made with other ends in view.

2. Television, as an idea, was involved with many of these inventions. It is difficult to separate it, in its earliest stages, from phototelegraphy. The means of transmitting still pictures and moving pictures were actively sought and to a considerable extent discovered. The list is long even when selective : Carey’s electric eye in 1875, Nipkow’s scanning system in 1884; Braun’s cathode-ray tube in 1897; Rosing’s cathode-ray receiver in 1907.

3. Through this whole period two facts are evident: that a system of television was foreseen, and its means were being actively sought, but also that, by comparison with electrical generation and electrical telegraphy and telephony, where was very little social investment to bring the scattered work together. In 1923 Zworykin introduced the electronic television camera tube. Through the early 1920s Baird and Lenkins, separately and competitively, were working on systems using mechanical scanning. There was great rivalry between systems and there is still great controversy about contributions and priorities.

4. What is interesting throughout is that in a number of complex and related fields, these systems of mobility and transfer in production and communication were at once incentives and responses within a phase of general social transformation. The decisive transformation of industrial production and its new social forms created new needs but also new possibilities, and the communication systems, down to television, were their outcome.

Notes

Motion pictures – кіно

With other ends in view – з іншими цілями

The list is long even when selective – список довгий, навіть якщо він зроблений вибірково

To bring the scattered work together – з’єднати розрізнені роботи

There is still controversy about contribution and priorities – все ще іде дискусія стосовно міри та пріоритету.