Защита 2 контрольной работы специальности пгс и гсх

ЗАДАНИЕ N 1. Письменно переведите следующие предложения из домашних текстов, обращая внимание на грамматические явления, рассматриваемые в данной контрольной работе. В предложениях N 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18 определите время и залог выделенного сказуемого.

1. Parts of these ancient buildings can still be seen today in Greece.

2. Lime is a basic building material used all over the world as today so in the ancient world.

3. Such kilns were fired with wood or coal and were extremely inefficient.

4. The Roman period was followedby other periods each of which produced its own type of architecture and building materials.

5. During the last hundred years many new methods of building have been discovered.

6. The knowledge of how to make durable concrete has been lost for centuries.

7. Fusion of Roman and North European traditions in construction was reflected in many ways.

8. Many structures made of concrete remain till nowadays thus proving the long life of buildings made of concrete.

9. Materials that are used for structural purposes should meet several requirements.

10. Concrete is referred to as one of the most important building materials.

11. Steel has come into general use with the development of industry

12. The architects and engineers have turnedto plastics to add beauty to modern homes and offices.

13. We use many building materials for bearing structures.

14. Binding materials are used for making artificial stone and for joining different planes.

15. Timber is a name applied to the cut material derived from trees.

16. Timber used for building purposes is divided into two groups: softwoods and hardwoods

17. Timber cannot be used for either carpenters' or joiners' work immediately it has been felled because of the large amount of sap which it contains.

18. Stone has been used as a structural material since the earliest days.

19. In some places stone was used because of the scarcity of timber, but in other places stone was preferred because of its durability.

20. Sandstone is composed of grains of sand or quarts cemented together. The durability of sandstones depends very largely upon the cementing material.

21. These characteristics are possessed by all metals but the metals themselves differ from one another.

22. Cast iron is chiefly used in building for compressed members of construction, as the supporting members.

II. Read the text below. For question1-10 choose the answer (a, b or c) which you think fits best according to the text. From the history of house construction

Man has always been a builder. The kind of house he built depended upon the climate, upon his enemies, and upon the building materials at hand. The first houses in many parts of the world were made of wood, for in those days the greater part of the Earth was covered with forests. In other regions the most convenient building material was stone. Although they were built without cement, the remains of a few of them still exist.

The ancient Egyptians built very simple houses by present standards. Having dried the bricks in the sun, they put up four walls, and above these they placed a flat roof because there was very little rain in Egypt. Although their buildings were simple in construction, the Egyptian art of building was very beautiful. It was ancient Egypt that gave the world its first lessons in the art of making columns.

The Greeks learned much from Egypt. But they built a slanting roof because there was much rain in their country. They also improved on Egypt’s columns and soon became the teachers of the world in column making.

The Romans, in turn, learned much from the Greeks. First of all they borrowed the slanting roof and the columns. But they added the arch, thus adding much strength and beauty to their buildings.

In the Middle Ages many monarchs and nobles built castles as a form of defense. Those castles had very strong walls, narrow windows and projecting fortifications.

During the Renaissance arts and sciences underwent great changes. In architecture these changes were marked by a return to classical forms and proportions of ancient Roman buildings.

The buildings of the 19^th century are characterized by the use of new materials and by a great diversity of architectural styles. From the end of the 18^th century iron and steel became widely used as alternatives to wood, for by that time many countries experienced shortage of this material.

The 20^th century is notable for widespread use of steel-reinforced concrete. Huge reinforced concrete units are brought to the site which becomes something like an assembly shop. This technique has many advantages over other building methods. It cuts the labour needed for building by 60 to 70 % and extends the building season.

The architecture of the 20^th century is characterized by very high buildings – particularly skyscrapers – and by great diversity of styles which completely differ from those of the past.

1. The first houses in most parts of the world were made …

a) wood b) stone c) building materials at hand

2. The ancient Egyptians built their houses

a) different from present standards b)of bricks being dried in the sun

c) with slanting roofs

3. It was … that gave the world’s first lessons in column making.

a) the ancient Egypt b) the Rome c) the Greece

4. It was … who became the teachers in column construction.

a) the ancient Egypt b) the Rome c) the Greece

5. It was … that added arch in construction.

a) the ancient Egypt b) the Rome c) the Greece

6. The period which was marked by a return to proportions of the oldest Roman buildings was…

a) the Middle Ages b) the Renaissance c) the18^th century

7. Many monarchs and rich people built their houses with strong walls and narrow windows in …

a) the Middle Ages b) the Renaissance c) the 18^th century

8. Iron and steel as alternatives to wood became commonly used building materials in …

a) the 20^th century b) the 19^th century c) the 18^th century

9. The 20^th century is known for…

a) use of prefabricated units and structures

b) wide use of steel and wood in construction

c) wide use of steel and iron because of shortage of wood

10. The architecture of the 20^th century is characterized by…

a) skyscrapers

b) great number of architectural styles which so differ from those of the past

c) a great diversity of styles which were used in the past times

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