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III. Modal verbs

Долженствование

Present

Past

Future

must - должен

Must

-

-

have to- должен, вынужден, придется

have to

has to

had to

will have to

be to- должен, предстоит в силу запланированности или договоренности

am to

is to

are to

was to

were to

-

Should –должен,

следует

Should

-

-

ought to - должен,

следует

ought to

Способность или возможность совершить действие

Can- может (умеет)

Can

could

-

be able – может (в состоянии сделать)

am able

is able

are able

was able

were able

will be able

Разрешение или возможность (вероятность)

May – может (разрешает), возможно

May

might

-

be allowed – разрешать

am allowed

is allowed

are allowed

was allowed

were allowed

will be allowed

Exercise I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные способы выражения долженствования.

1. In scientific (научная) work we must measure in units of the metric system. 2. One(каждый) should turn off (выключать)the gas when one leaves home. 3. This part(деталь) is very complex and the worker has to use special tools(инструмент) to cut it. 4.We ought to say that the discovery (открытие) of atomic energy is as important as the discovery of fire. 5. We should be prepared (готовиться) for scientific study of life on other planets. 6. Atoms must serve mankind (человечество). 7. The lecture is to begin at 6 o’clock. We ought to come in time. 8. You were to replace (заменить) the tool by another one. 9. The engineer will have to improve the accuracy (улучшить качество) of this machine-tool. 10. He had to work hard before he was able to submit (представить)his paper to a scientific journal. 11. The use of new machinery should increase the output of coal by 25 per cent per month.

Exercise II. Переведите предложения с модальными глаголами и инфинитивом в страдательном залоге.

1.Machine parts can be produced by today’s machinery with very high precision ( точность). 2. Tools that cut metals should be made of very hard steel and alloys (сплав). 3. Very often special buildings must be constructed for large machine-tools. 4. Mathematics, physics, a foreign language are to be studied in the first year at our institute. 5. All the measurements had to be analysed by the experimentor himself.

Grammar exercises

  1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на видо-временные формы глагола. Определите время по таблице. Обратите внимание на перевод глагола в страдательном залоге.

  1. 1. The level of life is very much affected by housing.

2. The cost of project is influenced by the requirements of the design.

3. Copies of the plan are made and are given to the builder.

  1. Reinforced concrete houses are produced by a variety of construction methods.

b) 1. Modern buildings have demonstrated the advantages of reinforced concrete arches, metal frames and glass walls.

  1. In our country housing construction is being carried out on a large scale.

  2. The walls of the building will be built on the concrete foundations.

  3. Built-in furniture especially of the storage type has always been preferred by many.

  4. The new material has been tested successfully and is now being used for irrigation systems, roads, pavements and other structures.

  5. The use of precast (сборный) concrete has many advantages over other building materials.

  6. Steel has come into general use with the development of industry.

  7. The research and development in housing technology is being paid much attention.

  1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные функции Participle I и Participle II.

  1. We use many building materials for bearing structures.

  2. Most of the moisture must be removed; otherwise the timber will shrink causing defects in the work.

  3. Timber is the name applied to the cut material derived from trees.

  4. Sandstones are composed of grains of sand or quarts cemented together.

  5. Cast iron is used in building for compressed members of construction as the supporting members.

  6. Durability of cement depends upon the cementing material.

  7. For many centuries nature has been destroying stone, changing it into sand.

  8. When the concrete hardens and sets, the resulting material gains great strength.

  9. Using new kinds of prefab ferro-concrete frames, builders have erected some buildings which can stand earthquakes.

  10. The civil engineer must consider many factors when selecting the material for construction.

  1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы.

  1. A qualified building worker must now be able to read any technical drawings.

  2. This master plan is to be completed in the short period of two years.

  3. The master plan has to define the ultimate growth of the town.

  4. An architect has to think not only of what he wants the building look like when it is finished, but also what it is to be used for.

  5. A town designer should not ignore the past.

  6. At present, prefabricated structures may be classified into two groups - for residential houses and industrial buildings.

  7. The engineer should be familiar with construction methods and costs if he is to design a project that is to be constructed at the lowest practical cost.