Защита контрольной работы n 1

ЗАДАНИЕ N 1. Письменно переведите следующие предложения из ваших домашних текстов, обращая внимание на грамматические явления, рассматриваемые в данной контрольной работе. Выпишите сказуемое и определите время в каждом предложении.

1. Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people live in today.

2. Bricks made of mud and dried in the hot sunshine became almost as hard as stones.

3. Some of their buildings are still standing after several thousands of years.

4. The Ancient Egyptians discovered how to cut stone for building purposes.

5. The Romans were great bridge and road builders.

6. In road work the Romans widely used timber piles.

7. There are still many remains of kilns in some places of Great Britain as well as roads.

8. Concrete is an artificial kind of stone, much cheaper than brick or natural stone and much stronger than they are.

9. The most commonly used (используемые) materials are steel, concrete, stone, wood and brick.

10. Wood is the most ancient structural material.

11. Stone belongs to one of the oldest building materials.

12. Steel manufacture requires special equipment and skilled labour.

13. Secondary or auxiliary materials are used for the interior parts of the buildings.

14. In comparison with steel timber is lighter, cheaper and easier to work

15. Elimination of this moisture increases the strength, durability and resilience of timber.

16. Cast iron is the cheapest of the ferrous metals.

17. When an engineer designs a steelwork he must carefully consider all its loads.

18. Copper is the best conductor of electricity.

19. Concrete is now more widely used in construction than all other materials together.

20. But this method does not utilize the full potentialities of concrete.

21.Concrete is a synthetic stone which can be formed while soft into practically

any shape the builder wants.

21.As soon as concrete is thoroughly mixed it is poured into forms.

22.Sandstone forms one of the most valuable materials. It is an excellent material for concrete aggregate.

II. Read the text below. For question1-10 choose the answer (a, b or c) which you think fits best according to the text. From the history of human dwelling

The purposes of modern buildings differ widely, but all of them originate from the efforts of primitive people to protect themselves from stormy weather, wild animals and human enemies. Protection was looked everywhere. In prehistoric times men looked for protection under the branches of trees. Some covered themselves with skins of animals to protect themselves from cold and rain, others settled in caves.

When the Ice Age had passed, Europe remained very cold, at least in winter, and so people of Stone Age had to find some warm and dry place to shelter from bad weather. They chose caves, dwelling places that storm and cold could not destroy. When man began to build a home for himself, caves were imitated in stone structures, trees were taken as a model for huts built of branches, skins were raised on poles and formed tents.

In the days of early civilization, once men had learnt how to build simple houses for their families, they began to feel a need to have a number of different kinds of houses in one place. Much later, when the men began to build towns there grew up a difference between town houses and country houses. The streets in towns were very narrow and there was not much place for building within the town walls, and therefore houses had to be built higher than they were in the country. A typical town house consisted of a shop opening on the street where the man did his work or sold his goods with a kitchen behind and a bedroom above.

The earliest houses of which anything is known are those of ancient Egypt. They were built of bricks dried in the sun. Some of them were built around a courtyard or garden with rooms opening into it.

Greek houses, too, had a courtyard in the middle and round their courtyard ran a covered walk, its ceiling supported by pillars. There were special women’s quarters, usually upstairs on the second storey.

In Rome bricks were used for building and houses were often finished with plaster over bricks on both inside and outside walls. The centre of family life was a garden-courtyard, surrounded by columns and with rooms opening out into it.

The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of wood or wicker basket plastered over with clay. In the centre of the house was the open fire and light came in through the hole in the roof above it and through the door because there were no windows.

1. The purpose of modern building … from the first dwellings of

primitive people.

a) differ much b) differ not so much c)have the same purpose

2. Primitive people looked for protection…

a) under trees b) covering themselves with skin of animals c) everywhere

3. Primitive people chose the cave …

a) to find warm and dry place b) to protect themselves from wild animals and human enemies c) as a place that storm and cold couldn’t destroy

4. The houses in towns were higher because

a) streets were narrow b) there was much place for building within the town walls

c) there was difference in purpose between town and country houses

5. A typical town house was

a) a shop, a kitchen and a bedroom behind b) a shop, a kitchen and a bedroom above

c) a shop, a kitchen behind, and a bedroom above

6. Houses оf bricks dried in the sun around a courtyard or a garden were built in…

a) Rome b) Greece c) in Egypt

7. A covered walks with columns near the dwellings were built in …

a) Egypt b) Rome c) Greece

8. Plaster over bricks inside and outside walls were in…

a) Greek houses b) Roman houses c) Egyptian houses

9. Round houses built of wood with a plaster of clay were…

a) Greek houses b) first British houses c) Roman houses

10. Light came into early British houses through…

a) a hole in the roof b) through the door c) through the roof and the

door