Centralized Traffic Control

C… T… C… is a signaling system of railway operation which is used to control train traffic by signal indications. The system consists of a centralized train dispatcher's office that controls railroad s… in the CTC territory and the signals that railroad engineers must obey in order to keep the t… moving safely and smoothly across the railroad. It combines the principles of p…-b… s… with the high-speed processing capabilities of a digital minicomputer. The basic c… c… has two displays for t…d… of the controlled distance and a centre display. They are placed directly in front of the dispatcher. The display shows the overall track diagram including current routes, t… o… and signal i…. The p…-b… s… are replaced by a compact control console keyboard. This k… enables the operator to call up an enlarged track plan of a selected s… which shows the current status of the a… r… s…, signal indications and t… c... occupancies. Besides, the keyboard enables the operator to make a change if necessary. All these control functions are performed via the d… c... .

C. What do you call:

1. The system which controls the movement of trains by signal indications.

2. The man who controls all the movements of the train.

3. A special panel with push-button switches.

4. A device which performs the control functions.

5. A complete set of keys, usually hand-operated.

D. Speak on the operation of the CTC system.

Text B. Scan the text and write down all the unknown words. Read the text trying to guess the meaning of the unknown words. Retell the text in Russian.

The driver of a bullet train in Japan is under investigation after falling asleep for nearly ten minutes at the helm. The train was travelling at 170mph with 800 passengers on board.

Railway staff became suspicious when the train pulled into Okayama station, about 90 miles east of Hiroshima. It came to a halt about 100 metres before it was supposed to, leaving rear carriages outside the station. They inspected the driver's cab and found him asleep in his chair, according to a source at West Japan Railway. Staff knocked on the window but he continued to sleep. Eventually the conductor went inside the compartment and woke him up.

The driver, 33, told his superiors that he "had no memory" of what happened for a period of about eight minutes until he woke up.

A West Japan Railway spokesman said the driver had plenty of sleep and had not been drinking alcohol.

Police said the driver was under investigation for possible violations of the railway law and for causing danger due to professional negligence while driving.

No one was hurt in the incident because the train was on autopilot at the time. Drivers normally take over and steer the train manually in the final stretch to a station.

Lesson two

Ex. 1. Practice the reading of the following words and phrases:

appraise, efficiency, insulate, exist, responsibility, telecommunications, availability, techniques, intermittent, reappraisal, require, essential, headache, throughout;

powerful computer equipment, rapid information, sophisticated signaling systems, optimum time, continuous data exchange, secure coding, driverless operation, up-to-date facilities.

Ex. 2. These are the key words to Lesson 2. You are to copy them and memorize their meanings.

Word-box:

automatic train control (ATC) – автоматическое управление поездом, поездная авторегулировка; automatic train protection (ATP) – автоматическое ограждение поезда, защита; an intermittent automatic train control – точечная автоматическая локомотивная cигнализация (АЛСТ); cross-border operation(s) – пограничные перевозки; to coast – двигаться по инерции; to insulate – изолировать.

Ex. 3. Copy the following words and memorize their meanings:

appraisal – оценка,

to appraise – оценивать;

benefit – польза, выгода,

to benefit (from smth) – извлекать пользу (из чего-либо);

a cost / costs – стоимость, затраты, издержки,

to cost - стоить, обходиться (в какую-л. сумму);

to exist – существовать;

to handle - управлять чем-л., справляться с кем-л., чем-л.,

to handle data – обрабатывать данные;

responsible – ответственный,

responsibility – ответственность,

to take/accept responsibility – брать, принимать ответственность;

а view – взгляд, мнение,

to view – рассматривать,

a point of view – точка зрения,

from (economic, political) point of view – с (экономической, политической) точки

зрения.

Read and translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. This article gives an appraisal of recent books on this subject. 2. There now exists a significant body of scientific research on the subject. 3. It’s no use trying to pretend that the problem doesn’t exist. 4. The easy-to-use design of the vacuum cleaner is a significant benefit for many households. 5. The government is responsible for the general management of the economy. 6. Development research was the responsibility of scientists attached to universities. 7. The operating costs of a new line will be very high. 8. Whatever that awful child has done I promise to take full responsibility. 9. The management accepts no responsibility for cars parked in the car park. 10. The house, now up for sale, should be viewed in order to appraise it. 11. When I’m discussing something with Mary, I always try to understand her point of view. 12. An operator on London Metro is responsible for manual control in case of emergency. 13. Automatic train control systems support drivers and supervise train speeds.14. Tourism has brought many benefits to the area. 15. You can't go on avoiding your responsibilities forever. 16. He was asked to give a critical appraisal of the facilities. 17. The crisis was handled very badly. 18. The system handles huge amounts of data. 19. She was responsible for designing the entire project. 20. Good students expect to have responsible positions in industry as soon as they graduate. 21. The airport was built at a cost of $5.3 billion. 22. That one mistake almost cost him his life. 23. An electric engine is more useful from ecological point of view. 24. He seems to know how to handle this device.

Ex. 4. Choose the appropriate word given in brackets and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The company regularly (delay, appraise, approach) the performance of its employees. 2. The earth has (benefited, provided, existed) for more than four thousand million years. 3. Did you (operate, avoid, benefit) from this case? 4. All accidents must be reported to the officer who is (conventional, convenient, responsible). 5. Is it the (responsibility, operation, appraisal) of the nurse to control the patient’s condition? 6. Having children is a big (approach, responsibility, necessity) and I’m not sure I’m ready for that yet. 7. We want to hear young people’s (views, costs, benefits) about our transport services. 8. Try to see the problem from different (sides, points, signals) of view. 9. Each engineer takes (responsibility, cost, delay) for their own part of the process. 10. Someone will have to take (appraise, benefit, responsibility) for the error. 11. They exchanged (views, responsibilities, benefits) on the project of the new railway construction. 12. We cannot (benefit, exist, appraise) without oxygen. 13. The code is usually displayed on the screen and it can be easily (delayed, costed, viewed) by a train crew. 14. The engine driver is fully (responsible, conventional, comfortable) for operating the train.

Ex. 5. A. Form new words with the prefix re- , meaning ”to do again”, as for example, to write – to rewrite – писать – переписать and translate them into Russian:

to cycle, to use, to appear, to consider, to set, to construct, to open, to read, to calculate, to appraise, to organize, to design, to view, to play, to form, to make.

B. Match the verbs in the left column with the nouns in the right column and translate the word combinations:

to review	a route
to reuse	a bridge
to rewrite	somebody’s face
to reset	the votes
to reconstruct	a football match
to readdress	a floppy disk
to recall	one’s whole life
to reconsider	empty tin bottles
to recount	a program
to replay	a letter
to recycle	a room
to redecorate	criminals
to reeducate	somebody’s decision
to reform	a film
to refresh	a cable
to relay	a company
to remake	the attack
to renew	one’s memory

Ex. 6. A. Form new words with the prefix de- meaning “to reduce, to reverse”, as for example, to code – to decode – кодировать, шифровать – расшифровывать and translate them into Russian:

to activate, to magnetize, to vitalize, to modulate, to bug, to camp, to centralize, to form, to generate, to grade, to mobilize, to mystify, to nominate, to rail, to make, to nationalize.

B. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. This branch of industry will be decentralized. 2. In the traffic accident the train car was derailed. 3. It was necessary to provide safety, so the circuit was de-energized. 4. Friction decelerates motion. 5. Out-of-date equipment should be deactivated. 6. We were not able to decode these strange signals. 7. Decoupling is a process of shorting unwanted signals to earth. 8. A special electronic device called a demodulator is used for the purpose of separating a signal from its carrier wave. 9. He was arrested for defacing government property with graffiti. 10. The drug was shown to cause deformity in a high proportion of babies born to mothers taking it. 11. You can de-archive the file by inserting the password. 12. The boarding was delayed because the mechanics had to de-ice the plane.

Ex. 7. A. Form adjectives with the suffix –less meaning “without”, as for example, power - мощность, powerless - немощный and translate these adjectives into Russian:

power, a joint, to regard, a hope, an aim, a driver, a job, to help, an end, to use, a meaning, a right, noise, a heart, a star, to sleep, tact, thought.

B. Translate the following word combinations into English:

безнадежный случай, бесцельная поездка, бесшумная работа, безработный человек, абсолютно беспомощный, беззвездная ночь, бесконечный урок, беспроигрышная игра, безрадостный человек, безошибочный ответ, безотходная технология, беззащитный ребенок.

C. Make an adjective from the noun at the end of each sentence below by adding –less to the end.

1. This pen won’t write at all. It’s completely … . (use) 2. I can’t say that this beverage is … . (harm) 3. I’m very, very tired. I had a … night last night. (sleep) 4. What’s this food? It has no taste. It’s … . (taste) 5. It seems terrible to me that there are so many … people living in a city with thousands of empty houses. (home) 6. He was found guilty of … driving. (care) 7. Having my tooth pulled out was quite … . (pain) 8. Out relationship was getting worse, and the situation seemed … . (hope) 9. We had … conversations about her new job. (end) 10. I was worried and had a … night. (sleep) 11 An aggressive man attacked a … old woman. (defense) 12. The … car is an autonomous vehicle that can drive itself from one point to another without assistance from a … . (driver)

Ex. 8. The words technology, technique and technical are often confused when translating from English into Russian. Remember that their meanings are different: technology (modern science and technology) – технология, технические и прикладные науки; a technique (modern techniques) – технический прием, метод, способ; technical (technical school, technical workers) – технический.

Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. To pass our exam with an excellent mark we had to learn all technical words used in computing. 2. Can you imagine our life without modern technologies, such as the Internet or mobile phones? 3. Physiotherapists use a variety of techniques to aid recovery from injury. 4. Thanks to new surgical techniques, hip replacement operations have become much more successful. 5. To improve signal operation railwaymen should use the most efficient techniques. 6. I’m sure you will agree with me that nowadays everybody can benefit from the revolution in information technology. 7. I’m afraid I am not strong enough in technical sciences to help you out. 8. After finishing the technical school he made up his mind to continue his study and entered the University. 9. If you are a teacher you get your salary, but if you are a technical worker you get your wage. 10. This magazine always publishes the fullest reports on the latest events on modern science and technology. 11. This technique can be used to replace missing parts of the device. 12. Nanotechnologies will be part of our future. 13. The example shows the technique applied to the design of a tool. 14. Space research has produced major advances in computer technology. 15. The job requires proper technical training. 16. Modern technology has changed our whole way of life. 17. Thanks to these new surgical techniques, patients spend far shorter periods in hospital 18. Can you imagine what the world would be like without science and technology?

Ex. 9. Choose the correct tense form of Continuous: either Active or Passive.

1. Two men (are questioning /are being questioned) at the police station tonight in connection with last week’s armed robbery. 2. My friends (are traveling / are being traveled) to the South these days. Meanwhile, their doggie (is looking / is being looked) after by their neighbour. 3. Lorry-driver Albert Whittaker had a lucky escape this afternoon when a concrete block, which (was loading / was being loaded) on to his lorry, fell off and landed inches from his feet. 4. What (was displaying / was being displayed) in the Pushkin Museum when you visited it? 5. Mum (was watching / was being watched) some stupid film after dinner, so she made me washing up. 6. I think we (are following / are being followed). 7. The police have found the people they (were looking / were being looked) for. 8. Jane (was waiting / was being waited) for me when I arrived. 9. How fast (were you driving / were you being driven) when the accident happened? 10. Was Carol at the party last night? – Yes, she (was wearing / was being worn) a really nice dress! 11. I haven’t seen Alan for ages. When I last saw him, he (was trying / was being tried) to find a job in London. 12. We (are hoping / are being hoped) that we will at least cover our costs at the conference.

Ex. 10. Choose the correct form of Participle I or II and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. While (repairing, repaired) the motor the operator found two broken parts. 2. The acceleration of a body is proportional to the force (causing, caused) it. 3. While (explaining, explained) the results of the experiment the professor wrote a lot of formulae on the blackboard. 4. The equipment (needing, needed) for the experiment was carefully checked. 5. The results (obtaining, obtained) showed the stability of the system. 6. When (arranging, arranged) properly the device works without breakdowns. 7. When properly (insulating, insulated) the wire may be used under wet conditions. 8. The mechanic (checking, checked) the breaking system didn’t find any faults. 9. ATC is a train protection system for railways, (ensuring, ensured) the safe and smooth operation of trains on lines. 10. Automatic train protection system (installing, installed) in some trains prevents collisions through a driver's failure to observe a signal or speed restriction. 11. An (undetecting, undetected) defect caused an accident.

Ex. 11. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to -ed forms.

1. The equipment was carefully checked. 2. Coal was the most widely used fuel in steam locomotives. 3. The data obtained formed the basis for further research. 4. When insulated the wire may be used as a conductor. 5. An undetected defect of a wheel caused an accident on the railway. 6. New technologies reduce the number of workers needed on railway construction. 7. Mechanical measuring devices lacked accuracy. 8. Old automatic control systems relied on an electrically energized (or de-energized) third rail. 9. The trains equipped with robot engine drivers operate on some underground lines. 10. One of the earliest examples of ATO was on the Victoria line of the London Underground, opened in 1968.

Ex. 12. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to -ing forms.

1. Always follow the instructions very carefully when fitting safety belts. 2. Above the cylinder there was a tank containing cold water. 3. An inspector making the wheel measurements uses special wheel gauges. 4. While passing through the conductor, resistance results in the production of heat. 5. Computers are widely used for controlling all kinds of processes on the railway. 6. Automatic Train Control (ATC) is a train protection system for railways, ensuring the safe and smooth operation of trains. 7. The train was approaching the station when the warning signal was given. 8. Maintaining the railway can be more difficult than building it. 9. ATC systems in the United States are almost always integrated with existing continuous cab signaling systems. 10. Separate signals are placed for trains traveling in opposite directions. 11. I think that driving is the best way of travelling. 12. Most phones now have memories for storing frequently used numbers.

Ex 13. Fill in the gaps with can/ can’t/ could/be able to.

1. The inspector has a new measuring system so he… measure the wheels very quickly. 2. They won't … to drive a car until they are eighteen. 3. If the train ran faster it … get to the station on time. 4. The upper berth is so high I … get there without your help. 5. As the train arrived at the station we … see our friends on the platform. 6. … I see your ticket, please? 7. The dispatcher in the dispatcher's office … keep track (отслеживать) of trains' locations across the territory that he/she controls. 8. Before putting into operation of CTC no train … be routed into a section of track against its flow of traffic and the traffic flow would not … to be changed until the track section was clear of trains. 9. The train dispatcher … directly see the trains' locations and efficiently control the train's movements by displaying signals and controlling switches. 10. Having the same railway gauge Finland and Russia … handle cross-border operations without stopping. 11. Electricity … be produced from nuclear and solar energy. 12. Airplanes … fly faster than twice the speed of sound.

Ex 14. Fill in the gaps with must/mustn’t/have to/had to/ be to.

1. The train leaves at 1pm so I … be at the station at 12.30. 2. You … smoke in the compartment. 3. The train was delayed so we … wait at the station. 4. I don’t know the reason she is late, we … to meet at 5 o'clock. 5. If you don’t want to miss the train you will … take a taxi. 6. Passengers … show their tickets and passports to the conductor. 7. When calculating the size of the blocks and, therefore, the spacing between the signals, such characteristics as track speed and the braking of the train … to be taken into account. 8. The signalman … move each set of points to the desired position before operating the switch or button of the signal reading over them. 9. With a traditional signaling system, the engine driver … observe wayside signals and act accordingly, depending on the aspects displayed. 10. A man was injured in the accident and he … to go to hospital. 11. Railways … to use signaling systems throughout their networks. 12. I … change trains twice to get to work. 13. The length of each track circuit depends on the length of the section at which the trains … to run. 14. The workers … to use a lot of force to move this heavy piano.

Ex. 15. Use the Passive Voice with the modal verb must instead of the Active Voice:

Model: You must wear a helmet when you ride a motorbike.  A helmet must be worn when you ride a motorbike.

1. You must not take responsibility for this job because you are not as experienced as your colleague. 2. The secretary must send this important message by fax. 3. The company must appraise the performance of their employees once a month. 4. Everybody must pay their taxes. 5. Your relatives must view this situation from a different point. 6. The students must submit their term papers by the end of the week. 7. The sales manager must control the quality of consumer goods sold in this supermarket. 8. You must not miss your English lessons! 9. The factory must recycle their wastes to provide environment protection. 10. You must not take this book away from the library because it’s a unique copy. 11. Railroad engineers must obey the signals in order to keep the traffic moving safely and smoothly across the railroad. 12. All people must obey traffic laws.

Ex. 16. Match the English phrases in column A with their Russian equivalents in column B.

A	B
1) to undergo changes	a) передовые системы сигнализации
2) continuous data exchange	b) эффективность использования энергии
3) secure coding	c) c первого взгляда
4) sophisticated signaling systems	d) подвергаться изменениям
5) needless to say	e) бортовой компьютер
6) with the exception of	f) не такая простая задача
7) energy efficiency	g) с одной стороны, с другой стороны
8) labour costs	h) безопасное кодирование
9) on-board computer	i) за исключением
10) on the one hand, on the other hand	j) совершенно ясно (очевидно)
11) it’s quite clear	k) нет необходимости говорить
12) at first sight	l) расходы на зарплату
13) not such an easy task	m) непрерывный обмен данными

Text A. Read the text and translate it with a dictionary if necessary.