Letter I

1) [J]

a) in medial position, in late borrowings from French which preserve the peculiarities of the French graphic system and are accented on the last syllable, before ne [n] (machine, marine, sardine, routine, gasoline, magazine, vaccine, vaseline, quarantine, crinoline, gabardine, margarine), que [k] (antique, unique, clique, critique, physique, technique) and other consonants (intrigue, fatigue, police, caprice, profile, automobile, regime, prestige, motif, naïve, elite, invalid);

b) in ski;

2) [aI]

a) in initial position, when it forms a syllable by itself, and in medial position, when it is at the end of open non-final accented syllables: e.g. ivy, final, tiny, minus, digraph;

b) in islet and island, s is silent;

c) in the final position in alibi and alkali, and in the plural form of some words borrowed from Latin: alumni (sing. Alumnus), radii (sing. Radius), bacilli (sing. Bacillus), colossi (sing. Colossus), foci (sing. Focus), etc.

d) in closed accented syllables when [aI] is followed by [nd] nd (find, bind, mind, kind, hind, wind, blind, rind, grind, behind, remind), [ld] ld (mild, wild, child) and other consonants in the following words (ninth, pint, isle, sign, climb, paradigm);

3) [I]

a) in close accented syllables in initial and medial position: e.g. in, idiom, widow, equip, city;

b) in initial and medial position, in closed unaccented syllables, and in final position: e.g. ignore, initial, direct, edit, monitor, taxi, khaki;

c) in the prefixes anti-, dis-, in- (im-, il-, ir-), inter-, intro-, mis-, multi-, uni-: e.g. antithesis, displease, incorrect, immoral, illiterate, irregular, international, misunderstand, multiform, uniform;

d) in the suffixes -ian, -ible, -ic, -ical, -ice, -ics, -ine, -ing, -ish, -ism, -ist, -ite, -ity, -ive, -ling, -ship: e.g. guardian, terrible, classic, poetical, justice, physics, heroine, writing, British, Marxism, idealist, favourite, activity, constructive, duckling, friendship;

4) [q] in holiday, possible and other words ending in -ible.

Letter o

1) [qu]

a) in initial position, when it forms a syllable by itself, and in medial position, when it is at the end of open non-final, generally accented, syllables: e.g. over, local, noble, opponent, prototype;

b) in medial position, in closed, generally accented, syllables if a single consonant closing the syllable is represented by a consonant letter which is followed by silent e (“o + a consonant letter + silent e” pattern): e.g. tone, lone, hope, denote, homeless + clothe, vogue, rogue;

c) in medial position, mainly in monosyllables, when followed by [l] ll, l (boll, poll, toll, roll, knoll, droll, troll, scroll, stroll, swollen, wholly, enroll, patrol, control), [ld] ld (old, bold, cold, fold, gold, hold, told, sold, scold, threshold), [lt] lt (bolt, colt, holt, jolt, dolt, volt, revolt), [st] st (host, post, ghost, most, impost) and other consonants (comb, both, yolk, folk, won’t, don’t, only, gross, soldier);

2) [H]

in the following words, their derivatives and inflexional forms: do, to, move, lose, prove, improve, tomb, womb, two, who, whose, reprove, whom;

3) [I]

in women;

4) [P]

a) in initial and medial position, in closed, generally accented, syllables: e.g. on, odd, log, gong, body, forgot;

b) in gone and shone;

5) [u]

in wolf, woman and bosom;

6) [A]

a) in initial and medial position, in closed accented syllables, mostly before [n] n, [m] m, [v] v, and [D] th: e.g. onion, son, money, stomach, comfort, colour, mother, brother;

b) in medial position, in the words given below where the consonant closing the syllable is represented by a consonant letter which is followed by silent e: done, none, some, come, comely, become, dove, love, glove, shove, above;

7) [L]

a) mainly in medial position, in open accented syllables when [L] comes before the initial [r] of the following syllable, and in derivatives and inflexional forms of the words ending in -ore, before suffixes beginning with a vowel: e.g. story, forum, historian, boring, explorer;

b) in oral and orient and their derivatives;

c) in off and often;

8) [E:]

in colonel;

9) [q]

a) in the initial and medial position of root words: e.g. observe, opinion, potato, antonym, bottom;

b) in the prefixes auto-, com- (by assimilation col-, con-, cor-), intro-, mono-, ob- (by assimilation oc-, of-, op-), pro-, proto-, pseudo-: e.g. autograph, connect, collect, compose, corruption, intro-duce, monosyllable, obstruction, occurrence, offend, oppose, propose, protoplasm, pseudonym;

c) in the suffixes and endings -dom, -ion, -logy, -ock, -ory, -some, -ton, -(a)tion: e.g. freedom, union, biology, hillock, compulsory, troublesome, simpleton, conversation.