-Электроснабжение;

-Топливоснабжение;

-Электропищеприготовление;

-Санитарное состояние;

-Безопасность жизнедеятельности населения;

-Энергетическая безопасность

Text B. Engineering Prediction of Heat Consumption

Development of heat consumption of the municipal services and industry of St Petersburg is dependent on a number of factors:

rates of residential construction;

volume and character of reconstruction of the existing residential and public buildings;

character and rates of re-equipment of the existing industrial projects and their utilized capacity;

efficiency of realization of energy saving programs at St Petersburg.

The trends in building houses with improved heat insulation and completion of second-stage construction in 2000 of external enclosures with high thermal and physical properties predict a moderate growth of heat loads.

From the present day estimates of the energy saving measures the growth of heat consumption at St Petersburg in the forthcoming decade following this document may be limited to 5 % for moderate development and 10 % for optimistic rates of industrial and civil construction. The consumption intensity of heat power for heating the buildings with use of the new normative base is decreased within 20-25 %.

These growth indices of heat consumption allow for a temporary reduction of its volumes due to a shortage of fuel delivery coincident with favorable weather conditions for St Petersburg during the heating period in recent years.

At the same time, one cannot but note the problems which thus far remained "out of sight" and which can be resolved only upon adoption of new Federal laws and with significantly higher investments:

1.non-subsidy and self-financing for development of the heat supply systems are possible in the event that the investment component and other debit items are included in the tariff. There is no Federal legislative base for this at present;

2.provision for additional reserve connections and ring mains among larger heat sources in order to increase energy safety and for a real market of heat producers operating for common networks;

3.formation of fuel or heat power reserves for a period of 10-30 days (gas and fuel oil storage, ground heat boilers, geothermosystems, laying of an additional gas main, and others);

4.provision for alternative heat sources for the City (underground nuclear power plants and geothermosystems);

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5. change-over of all of the heat supply system to the closed version with reconstruction of individual heat stations and installation of plate heat exchangers in them.

Ex.1. Read and translate the text.

Ex.2. Make up a short summary of the basic measures of prediction, using the expressions, given below. Translate them into Russian and give the engineering explanation of the following ones:

reconstruction and enlargement of smaller coal boiler houses and their transfer to more qualitative kinds

of fuel (liquefied and natural gas, liquid fuel, and others);

organization of complex power supply both at producers and consumers; provision for economic systems of individual heat supply (from roofing and

modular boiler plants) with unattended service;

transfer of district heating services to independent scheme of operation for complex reconstruction of the

projects;

implementation of progressive technologies for piping of the heat carrier from source to consumer using

corrosion-proof pipes with high efficient insulation, bellows expansion joints and reliable cutting-off

valves;

use of frequency control systems for electric motors of the pumping and draughtblasting equipment at

CHP plants, boiler houses, heat stations and pumping transfer stations; reconstruction of internal heating and hot water supply systems using plastic

pipelines and high-efficient

heating and plumbing equipment;

outfitting the central and individual heat stations and consumers with heat power meters, regulating valves

and automatic devices;

introduction of automated control and optimization system for the modes of generation, distribution and

consumption of heat power;

Text C. Energy policy as an integral part of the state and regional plans.

Energy policy is an integral part of the state and regional policy and protection of the energy welfare of the population, one of the main components of national safety.

Energy safety determining protection of the population and their vital activity against the shortage menace of energy of acceptable quality under normal and

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extreme conditions is characterized by the level (quality) of counteraction to the menace of failures of energy supply in one way or another.

In the case of multiple menaces, a reliable and guaranteed external delivery of energy carriers and also stability of heat generating projects are the most important components of energy safety. Under normal conditions of City's life the quality of delivery and use of the fuel are affected by: solvency of the fuel and energy complex of the City; amount of stored main and reserve fuel;

survivability and reliability of the regional and municipal gas supply systems; steady operation of the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant and Regional Integrated

Electric Power System; stability and capacity of reserve jumpers and connections with Integrated Electric Power System and regional electric power systems of the Country. For St Petersburg using 94 % gas as fuel the most important is survivability of the gas supplying complex and provision to the City for all energy resources in the event of failure on the gas mains. This is why to enhance the City's energy safety it should be necessary to:

perform periodically quantitative and qualitative estimates of the reliability and survivability of the gas, water, electric power and heat supply systems and develop measures on their improvement on this basis; provide for storage of alternative kinds of fuel;

transfer the existing coal boiler houses to burning of solid fuel in fluidized bed and in mechanized furnaces or change them over to liquid fuel; arrange underground fuel and heat accumulators; provide for a reserve of mobile boiler plants, substations and railway power plants to meet the emergency situations;

reconstruct the district boiler houses and transfer them to combined generation of energy carriers; search for and substantiate construction at a later time of alternative energy sources (heat pumps, solar and geothermal systems, and others).

Ex.1. Read and translate the text.

EX.2. Write down the Russian equivalents of the English words and expressions: Energy policy; integral part; vital activity; extreme conditions; counteraction

to ; the quality of delivery; acceptable quality under normal and extreme conditions; solvency of the fuel; main and reserve fuel; survivability; reliability; municipal gas supply system; estimates of ; to provide for storage of alternative kinds of fuel; coal boiler houses; burning of solid fuel; liquid fuel; arrange underground fuel; heat accumulators; mobile boiler plants; emergency situations; combined generation of energy carriers; search for ; substantiate construction; at a later time; alternative energy sources; heat pumps; geothermal systems.

Text D. Power Supply of Saint-Petersburg from position of Energy Safety.

The following can be included in the local energy saving solutions: provision for waste heat recovery with use of sludge burning installations of the City; provision for

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municipal rubbish incineration boiler plants (combined heat and power plants; wide application of electric heating plants including heat accumulators with two-rate tariff; transfer of the boilers to burning of low-grade solid fuel in fluidized bed; use of local radiant heating systems in industrial buildings; transition to electric range cooking; development of local water-accumulating systems with use of electric power at night time; reconstruction of the boiler houses with cast iron sectional-header boilers and enhancement of their efficiency by 10-30 %; Energy Saving Solutions and Proposals Aimed at Reducing City's Demand for Fuel use of low-potential heat of heating system return water; regulation of heat supply to industrial enterprises at night time and on days off.

Ex.1.Read and translate the text.

Ex.2. Write down and learn the word and expressions according the Russian terms: - локальные ЭБ (энергосберегающие) решения; -устройство теплоутилизаторов; -илосжигающие установки; -электроотопительные установки; -теплоаккумуляционные установки; -сжигание твердых топлив в кипящем слое;

-лучистые системы отопления;

-водоаккумуляционная система; -чугунные секционные котлы;

-низкопотенциальное тепло обратной сетевой воды; -регулирование теплоотпуска промпредприятиям в ночное время.

Text E. Priority Trends of Development of Fuel and Energy Complex Until 2010

Priority trends of development of the heat supply systems at St Petersburg until 2010 are:

•development of power-and-heat generation based on promising steamgas, steam-turbine and gas-turbine installations and updating of the district heating systems aimed at enhancing their reliability and stability and reducing the cost of the heat energy realized;

•reconstruction and expansion of the combined heat and power (CHP) plants in service and the City's boiler

•houses with commissioning of high efficient heat-generating equipment and dismantling of morally

•outdated and physically worn-out power equipment;

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