Text 7 engineering

Engineering is one of the most ancient occupations in history. The skilled technicians who erected the marvelous buildings of the ancient world were the civil engineers of their time.

Specialists in engineering materials have taken a new approach to the problem of the permanent nature of materials' properties. It is useful to have materials whose properties can be changed and controlled. That's why specialists have to create materials with variable porosity, elasticity and thermal conductivity.

The principal work of the engineer is design. He has to design machines, structures, equipment, products, etc. The engineer must combine many of the characteristics of the scientist, research engineer and technologist; he must preserve and enrich the best traditions of national and foreign architecture. Such work requires creative ability and knowledge of scientific principles. The engineer must also have an understanding of the various properties and available materials. They must keep up with changes in their profession.

Apart from professional skill, an architect must have an extensive knowledge of all spheres of the cultural life of the people. He must know all kinds of building materials and technology provided by the building industry of today.

Specialists in engineering materials create new materials with diverse properties: variable porosity, elasticity and thermal conductivity. With glass and ferro - concrete as their construction materials and with modern synthetic materials at their disposal for interior decoration Russian architects and construction workers have to erect structures which must represent a harmonious blend of national and modern style.

Text 8 acceleration of scientific and technical progress

At present our economy is based on the application of the latest scientific and technological achievements, on the use of innovations and the latest processes and materials and on comprehensive automation and the use of scientific discoveries.

Mechanical engineering takes the lead in this. We need to improve the quality of machines and materials so as to be on a par with world standards and to reequip the entire economy with new machinery.

Biotechnology also plays a tremendous role in accelerating scientific and technological progress. We have to invest money into environmental protection programs and we are to build wasteless and little-waste producing enterprises.

The scientific and technological progress is a complex many-sided phenomenon. It incorporates both the improvement of the operating technology and processes and transition to the fundamentally new technological systems which produce the greatest effectiveness.

Mutually advantageous relations and cooperation with different countries in the field of science, technology and trade is of great importance.

Text 9 science

The science is concentrated in the most promising fundamental trends and fields, on increasing the practical effectiveness of research. The scientists have developed large-scale commercial manufacture of artificial diamonds with properties which surpass those of natural diamonds. The finest crystallographic equipment has been developed making it possible to study the atomic structure of materials. They have developed quantum generators which are used in industry for cutting and welding metals, for high precision treatment of various materials including diamonds and ceramics.

The world ocean will play an-increasingly important role in the life of mankind. The scientists believe that man will be able to explore the sea's resources to the depth of three quarter of a mile. The extraction of mineral resources from sea water will be industrialized. Man will also use the achievements of space technology for the solution of earthy problems. Computers and other technical means of control are widely used in such fields as aviation, rocketry, cosmonautics, economics, planning and management of production. One should remember that the wide use of computers signifies a further advance in industry.