- •3.4. Stylistic Devices (Tropes and Figures of Speech) and Communicative Stylistic Function
- •3.4.1. Graphical Expressive Means
- •3.4.1.1. Graphon
- •Бокал из Вены
- •Indicate the kind of additional information about the speaker supplied by graphon:
- •1. Indicate the type of onomatopoeia used in the following extracts. Explain whatt associative and sound-instrumenting power is revealed in each of sound imitations.
- •3.4.2.2. Alliteration
- •3.4.2.3. Assonance
- •3.4.2.4. Euphony vs Cacophony
- •3.4.2.4. Euphony vs Cacophony
- •Phonestheme
- •3.4.2.5. Phonetical Iconicity
- •3.4.3. Morphological Stylistic Devices
- •3.4.3.1. Extension of the Morphemic Valency
- •In the l. Carrol's parody poem:
- •In the extract from c. Bushnell's bestseller:
Key Theme:
3.4. Stylistic Devices (Tropes and Figures of Speech) and Communicative Stylistic Function
Problem Question:
Read the information below. What is the basic difference between figures of speech? Prove that any stylistic device (trope or figure of speech) on the violation of the law of a sign.
Tropes are based on the «transfer» of meaning, when a word is used an object which is not usually correlated with this word (metaphor, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, antonomasia, irony, etc.).
Figures of Speech are based on the specific arrangement of words, unusual constructions, repetitions or extension of a phrase (alliteration, assonance, all types of repetitions, litotes, euphemism, pun, zeugma, periphrasis, simile, etc. (Задорнова, 1986 : 4). Tropes are categories of paradigmatics («an axis of choice»), while Figures of speech belong to syntagmatics, (to the «axis of combination») (R. Jakobson).
Tropes are divided into: 1) «intellective» (based on the logical connection between the object and a word): metaphor, personification, metonymy, antonomasia, synecdoche etc.; 2) «emotive», based on the emotive — expressive —evaluative attitude to the object: hyperbole, euphemism, irony, enantiosemy, etc.
The stylistic effect of figures of speech is created due to the arrangement of linguistic units, unusual construction or extension of utterance.
There are 5 types of figures of speech: 1) periphrastic (periphrasis) antonomasia, euphemism, litotes, simile;
figures, based on repetition: a) of sounds — alliteration, assonance, pun, paronomasia; b) of morphemes — polyptotone, equal ending; c)of words - epiphora, anadiplosis, chiasmus; d) of conjunctions — polysyndetone; e) of sentences — parallel construction; f) anaphora — uniting repetitions at all the levels;
figures of speech, based on the rearrangement of the соmponents: anastrophe, hyperbaton, reversed epithet, «spoonerism»; . ь
figures, based on the semantic arrangement of the components: ascending and descending gradation (climax and anticlimax), oxymoron, etc.;,
«dialogue» figures, implying real or hidden dialogue: rhetorical question, aposiopesis, etc.
3.4.1. Graphical Expressive Means
3.4.1.1. Graphon
Graphon is a creative stylistic device based on the intentional violation of the graphical shape of a word used to reflect its authentic pronunciation, or on the change of the accepted graphical text representation as in the poems below
Problem Question:
What is achieved by the graphical changes of writing — its types, the spacing of graphemes and lines? State the function of graphon in captions, posters, adverticements, etc., repetedly used in press, TV, roadside advertizing:
Word-form dissection (Figurative verses):
Lord, Who created in wealth and store
Though foolishly he lost the same,
Decaying more and more
Till he became
Most poor;
With Thee
Oh, let me rise
As larks harmoniously
And sing this day Thy victories:
Then shall fall further the flight in me.
My tender age in sorrow did begin;
And still with sickness and shame
Thou did so punish sin
That I became
Most thin.
With Thee
Let me combine
And feel this day Thy victory
For if I imp my wing on Thine,
Affliction shall advance the flight in me.
George Herbert (1593-1633)